Sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficieny virus infection among women with pelvic inflammatory disease

Effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection upon Acute Salpingitis: A Laparoscopic Study

“…However, HIV-1 serostatus per se did not have a major effect on eventual clinical response to therapy. With similar experience reported from the United States and West Africa [6][7][8][9], it appears that use of recommended antimicrobial regimens active against N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, vaginal anaerobes, and facultative gram-negative rods, combined with appropriate and selective drainage of inflammatory masses, will result in successful shortterm outcome of treatment of complicated acute salpingitis among HIV-1-seropositive women. This consensus among available research studies is encouraging.…”

“…outcome of women with acute PID [6][7][8][9]. The US studies found that HIV-1-seropositive women with acute PID more often failed medical therapy [6,7], required change in therapy [9], or required surgical intervention [6,7,9], and one US study found that HIV-1-infected women required longer hospitalization [9].…”

“…The US studies found that HIV-1-seropositive women with acute PID more often failed medical therapy [6,7], required change in therapy [9], or required surgical intervention [6,7,9], and one US study found that HIV-1-infected women required longer hospitalization [9]. HIV-1 seropositivity was associated with decreased prevalence of gonococcal infection in one study [7] but had no effect on microbiologic etiology of PID in another [6].…”

Antibodies to opacity proteins (Opa) correlate with a reduced risk of gonococcal salpingitis.

“…HIV infection has been reported as a risk factor for salpingitis in the past (43,44) but not in prospective studies. In this study, women who were initially HIV seropositive or who seroconverted during follow-up were at higher risk of gonococcal salpingitis (adjusted OR of one or more episodes, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.2-14.8; P < 0.05).…”

Gynecologic issues in the HIV-infected woman

“…Early reports of pelvic inflammatory disease in HIV-infected women suggest that presentation may be atypical in this population, with an increased need for surgical interventions and an increase mortality rate (231,232,233,234). In 1993, pelvic inflammatory disease, "especially with a tuboovarian abscess" was even included in the list of Category B symptoms (17).…”