“…These consequences, which often continue through adulthood (Chen et al, 2010;Gilbert, Widom, et al, 2009;Horwitz, Spatz Widom, McLaughlin, & White, 2001;Spataro, Mullen, Burgess, Wells, & Moss, 2004;Widom, Marmorstein & White, 2006), extend beyond physical injury to psychological injury and effects on behaviour and socialisation. Immediate and initial consequences commonly include post-traumatic stress disorder (Boney-McCoy & Finkelhor, 1995;Dubner & Motta 1999;Trowell et al, 1999); depression and low self-esteem (Spataro et al, 2004;Swanston et al, 2003); and may include inappropriate sexualised behaviour (McClellan et al, 1996), and difficulty with peer relationships (Mannarino, Cohen, & Berman, 1994). Adolescents, generally better able to understand the nature of the acts, are more likely to experience depression and anxiety than younger children (Gidycz & Koss, 1989), and to engage in self-harming behaviour (Martin, Bergen, Richardson, Roeger, & Allison, 2004;Romans, Martin, Anderson, Herbison, & Mullen, 1995), suicidal ideation and behaviour (Dinwiddie et al, 2000;Martin et al, 2004;Molnar, Berkman, & Buka, 2001), criminal offending (Stewart, Livingston, & Dennison, 2008), alcohol abuse, substance abuse and running away from home (Dube et al, 2006;Simpson & Miller, 2002), and teenage pregnancy (Roberts, O'Connor, Dunn, Golding, & ALSPAC, 2004).…”