Sexual Violation in Islamic Law

Abstract

This book provides a detailed analysis of Islamic juristic writings on the topic of rape and argues that classical Islamic jurisprudence contained nuanced, substantially divergent doctrines of sexual violation as a punishable crime. The work centers on legal discourses of the first six centuries of Islam, the period during which these discourses reached their classical forms, and chronicles the juristic conflict over whether or not to provide monetary compensation to victims. Along with tracing the emergence and development of this conflict over time, Hina Azam explains evidentiary ramifications of each of the two competing positions, which are examined through debates between the Ḥanafī and Mālikī schools of law. This study examines several critical themes in Islamic law, such as the relationship between sexuality and property, the tension between divine rights and personal rights in sex crimes, and justifications of victim's rights afforded by the two competing doctrines.

Causes of infertility in view of Iranian traditional medicine: A review

“…In general, books of Iranian traditional medicine have called the following as the major causes of infertility: 1) Abnormality in quality and quantity of semen in man, woman or both, 2) Uterine or female reproductive system abnormalities, 3) Abnormality in male reproductive system and semen production or function, 4) Medical conditions in other organs are related to the reproductive system of both sexes, 5) The occurrence of some mistakes in sexual intercourse ( 11 , 14 , 15 ) (Table I).…”

Liver Function and Anemia Pathogenesis in Iranian Traditional Medicine

“…For instance, Jorjani mentioned in his book, Zakhireh Kharazmshahi: “people who suffers from congenital spleen enlargement, are susceptible to liver asthenia, which follows by ascites” (5, 6). …”

“…Eating disorders may induce anemia based on their quality and quantity aspects. Malnutrition or taking unsuitable foods for blood humor may cause anemia ( 5 , 6 , 8 ).…”

“…Some drugs and toxins may cause body temperament to become cool or desiccated. This status prevents blood humor production and may cause anemia ( 5 , 6 , 8 ).…”

“…Also intravenous iron supplements are added to maximize the effect ( 1 , 4 ). Iranian traditional medicine scholars and physicians described anemia as the blood humor (a moist and fluid substance into which aliment is first transformed and it is hot and moist by nature) deficiency and call it Qillat-o-dam ( 5 , 6 ).…”