“…In an experiment that had women perform assessment center tasks, Halpert, Wilson, and Hickman (1993) found that performance evaluations were consistently lower when the employee was pregnant, and Heilman and Okimoto (2008) found a bias against women identified as being parents who were applying for promotions to traditionally male positions. In a study of hiring decisions, Snipes, Oswald, and Cavdil (1998) found that perceptions of applicants' future job performance were generally less favorable toward female applicants (see also, Lee, Castella, & McCluney, 1997). Powell, Butterfield, and Parent (2002) compared two studies 13 years apart and found that although managerial stereotypes now place less emphasis on masculine characteristics, a good manager is still seen as being predominantly masculine (see also, Brenner, Tomkiewicz, & Schein, 1989;Dodge, Gilroy, & Fenzel, 1995;Gerdes & Kelman, 1981;Heilman & Okimoto, 2007;Lyness & Heilman, 2006;Powell & Butterfield, 1989;Ruble, Cohen, & Ruble, 1984).…”