Sexual selection and the evolution of obligatory sex

Hadany, Lilach; Beker, Tuvik

doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-245

Cited by 34 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Sexual selection makes sexual reproduction more advantageous specifically for individuals in good condition and can lead to obligatory sex [72,73]. A model considering both environmental changes and sexual selection can further extend the parameter range allowing the evolution of obligate sex [72,73]. When poor condition is induced by pathogens, sexual selection also applies: sexual selection can increase the mating success of hosts that are less infected [74], due to preference for either resistance genes or pathogen avoidance [75].…”

Section: Why Is Condition-dependent Sex Not More Common?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Condition-dependent sex: who does it, when and why?

Ram¹,

Hadany²

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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One contribution of 15 to a theme issue 'Weird sex: the underappreciated diversity of sexual reproduction'. We review the phenomenon of condition-dependent sex-where individuals' condition affects the likelihood that they will reproduce sexually rather than asexually. In recent years, condition-dependent sex has been studied both theoretically and empirically. Empirical results in microbes, fungi and plants support the theoretical prediction that negative condition-dependent sex, in which individuals in poor condition are more likely to reproduce sexually, can be evolutionarily advantageous under a wide range of settings. Here, we review the evidence for condition-dependent sex and its potential implications for the long-term survival and adaptability of populations. We conclude by asking why condition-dependent sex is not more commonly observed, and by considering generalizations of condition-dependent sex that might apply even for obligate sexuals.This article is part of the themed issue 'Weird sex: the underappreciated diversity of sexual reproduction'.

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Section: Why Is Condition-dependent Sex Not More Common?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Why Is Condition-dependent Sex Not More Common?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Condition-dependent sex: who does it, when and why?

Ram¹,

Hadany²

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…Our simulation results for U ¼ 1 and c ¼ 2 indicate that a low rate of sex can be maintained when deleterious alleles are additive, while sex is not maintained when deleterious alleles are partially recessive (Figure 7, Appendix SD). Note, however, that deleterious mutations may select for higher rates of sex when they also affect the mating success of males, in species in which sexual selection is sufficiently strong (Hadany and Beker 2007). Furthermore, deleterious mutations can act in combination with other factors such as hostparasite interactions (Peters and Lively 1999;Otto and Nuismer 2004;Gandon and Otto 2007;Salathé et al 2008), local adaptation (Pylkov et al 1998;Lenormand and Otto 2000;Agrawal 2009), or adaptive evolution (Otto and Barton 2001).…”

Section: à4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Deleterious Mutations and Selection for Sex in Finite Diploid Populations

Roze

Michod

2010

Genetics

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In diploid populations, indirect benefits of sex may stem from segregation and recombination. Although it has been recognized that finite population size is an important component of selection for recombination, its effects on selection for segregation have been somewhat less studied. In this article, we develop analytical two-and three-locus models to study the effect of recurrent deleterious mutations on a modifier gene increasing sex, in a finite diploid population. The model also incorporates effects of mitotic recombination, causing loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Predictions are tested using multilocus simulations representing deleterious mutations occurring at a large number of loci. The model and simulations show that excess of heterozygosity generated by finite population size is an important component of selection for sex, favoring segregation when deleterious alleles are nearly additive to dominant. Furthermore, sex tends to break correlations in homozygosity among selected loci, which disfavors sex when deleterious alleles are either recessive or dominant. As a result, we find that it is difficult to maintain costly sex when deleterious alleles are recessive. LOH tends to favor sex when deleterious mutations are recessive, but the effect is relatively weak for rates of LOH corresponding to current estimates (of the order 10 À4 À10 À5 ).

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“…Thus, partially asexual organisms should have N e and neutral genetic diversity similar to that of obligately sexual organisms of similar body size, abundance, and geographic range. The predominance of obligate sexual life cycles is thus surprising and remains unexplained (Hadany and Beker 2007). Partially asexual life cycles, with only occasional rounds of sexual reproduction, occur in many invertebrates and fungi and may provide insights into the fitness and genomic consequences of occasional sex (Bell 1982).…”

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Nucleotide Polymorphism and Within-Gene Recombination in Daphnia magna and D. pulex, Two Cyclical Parthenogens

et al. 2009

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Theory predicts that partially asexual organisms may make the ''best of both worlds'': for the most part, they avoid the costs of sexual reproduction, while still benefiting from an enhanced efficiency of selection compared to obligately asexual organisms. There is, however, little empirical data on partially asexual organisms to test this prediction. Here we examine patterns of nucleotide diversity at eight nuclear loci in continentwide samples of two species of cyclically parthenogenetic Daphnia to assess the effect of partial asexual reproduction on effective population size and amount of recombination. Both species have high nucleotide diversities and show abundant evidence for recombination, yielding large estimates of effective population sizes (300,000-600,000). This suggests that selection will act efficiently even on mutations with small selection coefficients. Divergence between the two species is less than one-tenth of previous estimates, which were derived using a mitochondrial molecular clock. As the two species investigated are among the most distantly related species of the genus, this suggests that the genus Daphnia may be considerably younger than previously thought. Daphnia has recently received increased attention because it is being developed as a model organism for ecological and evolutionary genomics. Our results confirm the attractiveness of Daphnia as a model organism, because the high nucleotide diversity and low linkage disequilibrium suggest that fine-scale mapping of genes affecting phenotypes through association studies should be feasible.

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Sexual selection and the evolution of obligatory sex

Cited by 34 publications

References 56 publications

Condition-dependent sex: who does it, when and why?

Condition-dependent sex: who does it, when and why?

Deleterious Mutations and Selection for Sex in Finite Diploid Populations

Nucleotide Polymorphism and Within-Gene Recombination in Daphnia magna and D. pulex, Two Cyclical Parthenogens

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