Sexual Revictimization During Women’s First Year of College: Self-Blame and Sexual Refusal Assertiveness as Possible Mechanisms

Katz, Jennifer; May, Pamela E.; Sörensen, Silvia; DelTosta, Jill

doi:10.1177/0886260509354515

Cited by 78 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…This extends previous findings showing that victimization history is associated not only with trauma-related guilt and shame but also with generalized guilt and shame (Dorahy and Clearwater, 2012;Katz et al, 2010;Miller et al, 2010).…”

Section: Traumatized Versus Nontraumatized Womensupporting

confidence: 84%

“…To date, most studies on guilt, shame, and trauma as well as most therapeutic approaches refer to guilt and shame specifically related to the traumatic event (Andrews et al, 2000;Ginzburg et al, 2009;Katz et al, 2010;Kletter et al, 2009;Øktedalen et al, 2015). Posttraumatic guilt, for example, often refers to "survivor guilt" or "self-recrimination for failed actions that the individual believes would have created a more salutary outcome" of the traumatic event (Wilson et al, 2006, p. 130).…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

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The Role of Generalized Explicit and Implicit Guilt and Shame in Interpersonal Traumatization and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Bockers

Röepke

Michael

et al. 2016

Journal of Nervous &Amp; Mental Disease

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and interpersonal traumatization are frequently associated with trauma-related guilt and shame. However, research on generalized guilt and shame in PTSD is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate generalized explicit and implicit guilt and shame in interpersonal traumatization and PTSD. Interpersonally traumatized women either with PTSD (n = 28) or without PTSD (n = 32) and 32 nontraumatized women completed the Test of Self-Conscious Affect-3 and the Implicit Association Test to measure explicit and implicit guilt and shame. Explicit guilt and shame were significantly higher in women with PTSD than in traumatized women without PTSD. Traumatized women without PTSD showed significantly higher levels of explicit guilt and shame than nontraumatized women did. PTSD was associated with implicit guilt but not implicit shame. In addition to trauma-related guilt and shame, generalized explicit guilt and shame and implicit guilt seem to play a crucial role in PTSD.

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Section: Traumatized Versus Nontraumatized Womensupporting

confidence: 84%

mentioning

confidence: 97%

The Role of Generalized Explicit and Implicit Guilt and Shame in Interpersonal Traumatization and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Bockers

Röepke

Michael

et al. 2016

Journal of Nervous &Amp; Mental Disease

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Indeed, women with a history of SV reported decreased sexual assertiveness (Stoner et al, 2008), were subsequently more willing to consent to unwanted sex even though their partner did not use coercive tactics during that sexual encounter (Katz & Tirone, 2010), and were more willing to abdicate to a partner’s desire for unprotected sex (George et al, 2016). Moreover, college women who blame themselves for an earlier SV exhibit a significant decrease in their sexual refusal assertiveness (Katz, May, Sörensen, & DelTosta, 2010). …”

Section: Sv History As a Risk Factor For Coerced Consensual Sexmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Event-Level Investigation of Factors Associated With Young Women’s Experiences of Coerced Consensual Sex

Stappenbeck

Norris

Wegner

et al. 2016

J Interpers Violence

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Little is known about instances of coerced consensual sex in which women report both that they consented to have sex and that their partner used coercive tactics (e.g., made threats) to get them to have sex when they did not want to. Yet, these experiences are frequently reported by young sexually active women. We examined the relationship between sexual victimization history and the woman’s level of alcohol intoxication in the likelihood of experiencing coerced consensual sex using event-level data collected over a 1-year period from 548 young adult nonproblem drinking women who engaged in sexual activity with men. Twenty percent (n = 112) reported at least one incident of coerced consensual sex. A generalized estimating equation model revealed main effects of daily estimated blood alcohol content (eBAC) and sexual victimization severity. The more women increased their alcohol consumption above their own average and the more severe their sexual victimization history, the more likely they were to experience coerced consensual sex. Our findings highlight the fact that coercion and consent are not mutually exclusive in some situations and shed light on this important yet understudied coercive sexual experience.

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“…Low assertiveness has been associated with sexual victimization and revictimization [27]–[29]. Gidycz et al [30] found that women's low assertiveness was predicted by experiences of child sexual abuse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Recognition, Attachment Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, and State Dissociation Predict Revictimization

et al. 2014

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BackgroundPrevious research has identified a number of variables that constitute potential risk factors for victimization and revictimization. However, it remains unclear which factors are associated not only with childhood or adolescent victimization, but specifically with revictimization. The aim of this study was to determine whether risk recognition ability and other variables previously associated with revictimization are specifically able to differentiate individuals with childhood victimization only from revictimized individuals, and thus to predict revictimization.MethodsParticipants were N = 85 women aged 21 to 64 years who were interpersonally victimized in childhood or adolescence only, interpersonally revictimized in another period of life, or not victimized. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine whether risk recognition ability, sensation seeking, self-efficacy, state dissociation, shame, guilt, assertiveness, and attachment anxiety predicted group membership.ResultsThe logistic regression analysis revealed risk recognition ability, attachment anxiety, state dissociation, and self-efficacy as significant predictors of revictimization. The final model accurately classified 82.4% of revictimized, 59.1% of victimized and 93.1% of non-victimized women. The overall classification rate was 80%.ConclusionsThis study suggests that risk recognition ability, attachment anxiety, self-efficacy, and state dissociation play a key role in revictimization. Increased risk recognition ability after an interpersonal trauma may act as a protective factor against repeated victimization that revictimized individuals may lack. A lack of increased risk recognition ability in combination with higher attachment anxiety, lower self-efficacy, and higher state dissociation may increase the risk of revictimization.

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Sexual Revictimization During Women’s First Year of College: Self-Blame and Sexual Refusal Assertiveness as Possible Mechanisms

Cited by 78 publications

References 30 publications

The Role of Generalized Explicit and Implicit Guilt and Shame in Interpersonal Traumatization and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

The Role of Generalized Explicit and Implicit Guilt and Shame in Interpersonal Traumatization and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

An Event-Level Investigation of Factors Associated With Young Women’s Experiences of Coerced Consensual Sex

Risk Recognition, Attachment Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, and State Dissociation Predict Revictimization

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