Sexual Reproduction in Dermatophytes

Metin, Banu; Heitman, Joseph

doi:10.1007/s11046-016-0072-x

Cited by 32 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Moreover, the meiotic machinery may be used for this parasexual cycle and is thus kept. Another ascomycete, Trichophyton rubrum , the most important dermatophyte of its genus in humans has no known sexual cycle and evidence suggests that all isolates of this species belong to the same mating type . The presence of a complete meiotic protein set and mating types strongly support the occurrence of an undescribed sexual cycle in this species.…”

Section: Are There Ancient Asexuals?mentioning

confidence: 89%

All Eukaryotes Are Sexual, unless Proven Otherwise

Hofstatter

Lahr

2019

BioEssays

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Here a wide distribution of meiotic machinery is shown, indicating the occurrence of sexual processes in all major eukaryotic groups, without exceptions, including the putative “asexuals.” Meiotic machinery has evolved from archaeal DNA repair machinery by means of ancestral gene duplications. Sex is very conserved and widespread in eukaryotes, even though its evolutionary importance is still a matter of debate. The main processes in sex are plasmogamy, followed by karyogamy and meiosis. Meiosis is fundamentally a chromosomal process, which implies recombination and ploidy reduction. Several eukaryotic lineages are proposed to be asexual because their sexual processes are never observed, but presumed asexuality correlates with lack of study. The authors stress the complete lack of meiotic proteins in nucleomorphs and their almost complete loss in the fungus Malassezia. Inversely, complete sets of meiotic proteins are present in fungal groups Glomeromycotina, Trichophyton, and Cryptococcus. Endosymbiont Perkinsela and endoparasitic Microsporidia also present meiotic proteins.

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Section: Are There Ancient Asexuals?mentioning

confidence: 89%

All Eukaryotes Are Sexual, unless Proven Otherwise

Hofstatter

Lahr

2019

BioEssays

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“…Plates were incubated in the dark at 25 ± 0.5 • C for 7-49 days. The fungi were identified according to available monographs [7,9,21,22]. Microscopic slides were dyed with LPCB (lactophenol cotton blue, Sigma-Aldrich).…”

Section: Identification Of Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

First Report on the Occurence of Dermatophytes of Microsporum Cookei Clade and Close Affinities to Paraphyton Cookei in the Harmanecká Cave (Veľká Fatra Mts., Slovakia)

et al. 2019

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Keratinolytic and keratinophilic fungi, such as dermatophytes, are frequently a cause of infections in humans and animals. Underground ecosystems are inhabited by various animals and are of interest for tourists. Therefore, the main goal of our research was the first evaluation of sediment and soil samples taken inside and outside the Harmanecká Cave in Slovakia for the occurrence of keratinolytic and keratinophilic fungi. Tests with Vanbreuseghema bait, as well as phenotyping and molecular methods, showed that all of the sampling sites contained ten isolates, all of the same species of keratinophilic fungi, belonging to the Microsporum cookei clade and with close affinities to Paraphyton cookei (Ajello) Y. Gräser, Dukik & de Hoog. Our research showed that, dependent on the medium, its mycelium varied in color and showed different growth rates. It also produced metabolites alkalizing DTM (dermatophyte test medium) medium. It dissolved keratin in in vitro hair perforation tests and was able to utilize most substrates in the API® 20C AUX, except for MDG (α-methyl-D-glucoside). In addition, the vegetative structures of mycelium were viable after storage at temperatures from −72 to −5 °C for 56 days, and actively grew after 28 days at a temperature range from 15 to 37 °C, with 25 °C being optimal. It showed weak, but active, growth at 5 and 10 °C after 56 days. We can assume that due to the low temperature in the caves, this fungus will not be able to actively grow rapidly on keratin substrates, but the contact with mammals, along with other favorable factors, might lead to an infection.

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“…The anthropophilic dermatophytes undergo asexual reproduction using mitosis . Hyphae can produce two types of spores through formation of conidia or arthroconidia .…”

Section: Dermatophyte Biology and Mechanisms Of Cutaneous Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The anthropophilic dermatophytes undergo asexual reproduction using mitosis. [56] Hyphae can produce two types of spores through formation of conidia or arthroconidia. [45] Conidia result from lateral or terminal budding of a hypha; microconidia are single individuals, whilst macroconidia comprise several conidia attached together that result from successive budding events.…”

Section: Dermatophytes Are Filamentous Fungi and Produce Two Types mentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro models of dermatophyte infection to investigate epidermal barrier alterations

Faway

Rouvroit

Poumay

2018

Experimental Dermatology

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Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection of keratinized structures caused by specific filamentous fungi named dermatophytes. In humans, the incidence of dermatophytosis is elevated and continuously increasing, rendering it a public health concern. The pathogeny of dermatophytosis remains poorly understood, partly due to the difficulties to set up a relevant model allowing the study of both the invasion of keratinized structures by fungi, and its impact on host tissue architecture and functions. Recently, the development of human cultured skin equivalents has led to some advances. This review aims to summarize current knowledge about dermatophytosis and then focuses on in vitro models to investigate the alterations of the epidermal barrier in response to fungal infection. | DERMATOPHY TOS IS AND DERMATOPHY TE SDermatophytosis is an infection of superficial keratinized epidermal layers, as well as hairs and nails, which is caused by keratinolytic filamentous fungi named dermatophytes.[1] Numerous dermatophyte species are grouped according to their ecological Genome sequencing, especially analysis of the polymorphisms inside the variable rDNA regions known as internal transcribed spacers (ITS), has provided phylogenetic criteria for improved species identification.[4] A revised classification of dermatophytes was proposed, [5][6][7] based on DNA sequences of five different loci, including ITS, on morphology and physiology in culture, and on geo-, zoo-or anthropophilic ecology (Table 1). This review is concerned with anthropophilic and zoophilic dermatophytes frequently responsible for human infections.Dermatophytosis is responsible for 3%-4% of dermatological cases and is the most common fungal infection in humans, with a prevalence estimated around 20%-25%. [8,9] In addition, its prevalence is continuously raising due to increased risk factors such as sport activities, type 2 diabetes, vascular diseases or ageing. Modern mobility further increases the dissemination of anthropophilic dermatophytes that extend in previously poorly affected geographical areas. [10,11] Among the species capable of infecting human skin,Trichophyton rubrum is the most frequently involved, being responsible for 50%-90% of dermatophytoses in humans. [9,12] The annual health expense cost of dermatophytosis is estimated to more than 500 million of US dollars.[13] | Dermatophyte infections induce various clinical picturesThe clinical signs of dermatophytosis result from both the degradation of keratinized tissues caused by fungal processes, as well as from the specific immune response of the infected host.Zoophilic species, probably less adapted to human hosts, generate more severe inflammatory responses than anthropophilic species. [6,14] Usual signs include dryness, desquamation, cracks and erythema of the skin of the feet, scalp or other body locations.Infections in hairless areas and nails, principally due to Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale, are the most frequent in industrialized countries. Scalp infections, ...

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Sexual Reproduction in Dermatophytes

Cited by 32 publications

References 94 publications

All Eukaryotes Are Sexual, unless Proven Otherwise

All Eukaryotes Are Sexual, unless Proven Otherwise

First Report on the Occurence of Dermatophytes of Microsporum Cookei Clade and Close Affinities to Paraphyton Cookei in the Harmanecká Cave (Veľká Fatra Mts., Slovakia)

In vitro models of dermatophyte infection to investigate epidermal barrier alterations

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