Sexual Orientation and Wage Discrimination in France: The Hidden Side of the Rainbow

The Role of Apparent Sexual Orientation in Explaining the Heterogeneity of Wage Penalties Among Gay Employees

“…At first glance, this result seems quite similar to the -6.3 % wage penalty estimated by Laurent and Mihoubi (2012) for French gays. However we need to be cautious comparing these two results because it was the actual sexual orientation, not the PPSO, which was used as an explanatory variable in our prior article.…”

“…However we need to be cautious comparing these two results because it was the actual sexual orientation, not the PPSO, which was used as an explanatory variable in our prior article. This means that the -6.3 % wage penalty estimated in Laurent and Mihoubi (2012) was an average penalty estimated on all gay employees, regardless their PSO. In contrast, the -6.5 % wage penalty estimated here represents the maximum penalty faced by an "uncloseted" gay employee whose PSO is equal to one; the average wage penalty is thus much lower here and can be approximated by -6.5 % Â the average PPSO (55.2 % on our sample) ¼ -3.6 %.…”

The “Pink Pound” in the “Gaybourhood”? Neighbourhood Deprivation and Sexual Orientation in Scotland

“…. The most significant methodological problem with the study of sexual orientation, however, is that sexual orientation is less easily observable than other demographic characteristics, such as gender and ethnicity (Laurent & Mihoubi, 2012). The traditional categories of sexual orientation are heterosexual, gay, lesbian and bisexual.…”

“…France (Laurent & Mihoubi, 2012), the United Kingdom (Arabsheibani, et al, 2005), Canada (Carpenter, 2008) and the United States (Baumle & Poston, 2011;Berg & Lien, 2002) despite the fact that each study uses slightly different measures of sexual orientation. A similar pattern was found for employment rates: gay men are less likely to be employed and lesbian women are more likely to be employed (Ahmed, Andersson et al, 2013;Arabsheibani, et al, 2005).…”

Social-Institutional Structures That Matter: A Quantitative Monograph of Sexual/Gender Minority Status and Earnings in Japan

“…However, almost all of the existing studies of sexual orientation and earnings currently use data from Western countries such as the United States (Badgett 1995), Canada (Carpenter 2008), the United Kingdom (Arabsheibani, Marin, and Wadsworth 2005), France (Laurent and Mihoubi 2012), Germany (Humpert 2016), the Netherlands (Plug and Berkhout 2004), Sweden (Ahmed and Hammarstedt 2010), Australia (La Nauze 2015), and Greece (Athens only) (Drydakis 2012). Thus, they may fail to take into consideration the fact that there is a possibility that their results and theoretical explanations rest on the social-institutional features of a specific society.…”