Sexual Identity, Mental Health, HIV Risk Behaviors, and Internalized Homophobia Among Black Men Who Have Sex With Men

Amola, Oluwakemi; Grimmett, Marc A.

doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2015.00199.x

Cited by 62 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…In a meta-analysis of the research examining IH and risky sex among MSM, Newcomb and Mustanski found only a small effect size and questioned the usefulness of further examining IH as a direct correlate of risky sexual behaviors (13). Even so, individual studies have found IH to be related to greater rates of condomless anal sex and higher numbers of anal sex partners (8, 10, 14). These inconsistencies in the literature on the relation between IH and condomless sex may reflect a need for more nuanced studies, such as examining indirect effects or moderating variables (15, 16).…”

Section: Minority Stress: Ih In Relation To Risky Behaviorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the Conditions Under Which Internalized Homophobia Is Associated with Substance Use and Condomless Sex in Young MSM: the Moderating Role of Impulsivity

et al. 2017

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Background Internalized homophobia (IH) is the internalization of homophobic attitudes by sexual minorities due to social bias. IH has been inconsistently related to substance use and unprotected sex for young men who have sex with men (YMSM). Purpose We examined negative urgency (the tendency to act impulsively in response to negative emotional experiences), positive urgency (the tendency to act impulsively in response to positive emotional experiences), and sensation seeking as independent moderators of the association of IH with binge drinking, drug use, and condomless anal sex. Methods Data were collected from 450 YMSM (mean age = 18.9) over the course of 18 months (baseline, 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-up). Results Hierarchical generalized linear modeling revealed that there was a significant moderation for binge drinking and receptive condomless anal sex, with the association between IH and these risk behaviors increased for those with higher levels of negative urgency and positive urgency. Conclusions IH is important to the negative health outcomes of binge drinking and condomless anal sex for individuals high in negative and/or positive urgency, who may act impulsively to avoid subjective negative experiences or in the face of positive emotional experiences. Future research is needed to further establish additional conditions under which IH may be important to understanding risk behaviors in YMSM, which is essential to developing targeted prevention and intervention efforts.

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Section: Minority Stress: Ih In Relation To Risky Behaviorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the Conditions Under Which Internalized Homophobia Is Associated with Substance Use and Condomless Sex in Young MSM: the Moderating Role of Impulsivity

et al. 2017

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“…For example, lacking condom use self-efficacy can promote condomless anal sex by making BMSM feel doubtful about their abilities to use and discuss condoms with sexual partners [17]. Moreover, internalized homophobia, which is associated with decreased resilience levels [18], may promote condomless anal sex by diminishing BMSM’s perceived self-worth [19]. Internalized homophobia could also confound the association between resilience and condomless anal sex.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilience, condom use self-efficacy, internalized homophobia, and condomless anal sex among black men who have sex with men, New York City

et al. 2019

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Background Black men who have sex with men, who account for less than 1% of the U.S. population, account for approximately 25% of new HIV infections annually. Condomless anal sex contributes to HIV infection among black men who have sex with men. The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties (resilience) may be protective against condomless anal sex, but has been understudied among black men who have sex with men. Psychosocial factors related to resilience, i.e., condom use self-efficacy and internalized homophobia, may also affect condomless anal sex. We assessed the association between resilience, condom use self-efficacy, internalized homophobia and condomless anal sex among black men who have sex with men. Methods Data are from a 2010–2011 study examining condomless anal sex (past 60 days) among black men who have sex with men in New York City. Validated scales assessed resilience (theoretical range = 0–100), condom use self-efficacy (theoretical range = 27–135), and internalized homophobia (theoretical range = 9–36). We described continuous variables using median and interquartile range (IQR). Univariable and multivariable Poisson regression models assuming a robust variance estimator were used to compute unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios, respectively, and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) examined the association of resilience, condom use self-efficacy, and internalized homophobia with condomless anal sex, while controlling for potential confounders (e.g., having >1 sex partner). Results The median resilience score within our sample (N = 228) was 75 (IQR = 66–83). Many black men who have sex with men reported condomless anal sex (55.7%) and >1 sex partner (58.8%). Decreased condomless anal sex was associated with increased levels of condom use self-efficacy (aPR: 0.94 per 10-point increase in condom use self-efficacy score; CI: 0.90–0.97; p -value: 0.001). Condomless anal sex was not associated with resilience or internalized homophobia. Conclusions Within this sample of black men who have sex with men, condomless anal sex was prevalent. Greater resilience was not protective against condomless anal sex. Interventions that support condom use are warranted for black men who have sex with men.

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“…Surprisingly, despite the high prevalence of mental health concerns such as anxiety, depression, and substance abuse among PLWHA (Whetten, Reif, Whetten, & Murphy‐McMillan, ), few articles about the psychosocial implications of HIV/AIDS and effective treatments for PLWHA have been published in the flagship journal of the counseling field in recent years. The Journal of Counseling & Development has published only six articles since 2000 that explore HIV/AIDS within the United States (Amola & Grimmett, ; Buki, Kogan, Keen, & Uman, ; Hovell et al, ; Hunt, Jaques, Niles, & Wierzalis, ; Springer & Lease, ; Zeligman, Barden, & Hagedorn, ), two of which were published within the last decade. This amounts to an article every 2 to 3 years concerning an illness that has received tremendous attention in the fields of medicine, psychology, psychiatry, and social work.…”

Section: Hiv/aids As a Social Justice Issuementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, research focusing on both HIV prevention approaches and effective therapeutic interventions can broaden and deepen clinical practice so that it aligns with current knowledge of HIV/AIDS. Some work has begun in this area, such as empirical explorations into social support, stigma, and posttraumatic growth among PLWHA (Zeligman et al, ) and HIV risk behaviors and internalized homophobia among young Black MSM (Amola & Grimmett, ). Studies such as these align with the advocacy standards in the ACA Code of Ethics by both illuminating and addressing “potential barriers and obstacles that inhibit access and/or the growth and development of clients” (ACA, , Standard A.7.a., p. 5).…”

Section: Hiv/aids As a Social Justice Issuementioning

confidence: 99%

Counseling to End an Epidemic: Revisiting the Ethics of HIV/AIDS

Joe

2018

Jour of Counseling & Develop

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In the decades since HIV/AIDS was first identified, medical discoveries have advanced prevention and treatment, and shifting demographics have changed the face of the illness. Despite these changes, the counseling literature on HIV/AIDS and its ethical implications for counselors have remained limited and stagnant. Whereas past discussions have focused primarily on issues of confidentiality, this article addresses multiple ethical implications of HIV/AIDS to reflect current knowledge about the illness and its effects on clients.

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Sexual Identity, Mental Health, HIV Risk Behaviors, and Internalized Homophobia Among Black Men Who Have Sex With Men

Cited by 62 publications

References 35 publications

Examining the Conditions Under Which Internalized Homophobia Is Associated with Substance Use and Condomless Sex in Young MSM: the Moderating Role of Impulsivity

Examining the Conditions Under Which Internalized Homophobia Is Associated with Substance Use and Condomless Sex in Young MSM: the Moderating Role of Impulsivity

Resilience, condom use self-efficacy, internalized homophobia, and condomless anal sex among black men who have sex with men, New York City

Counseling to End an Epidemic: Revisiting the Ethics of HIV/AIDS

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