Sexual harassment in universities during the 1980s

Rubin, Linda J.; Borgers, Sherry B.

doi:10.1007/bf00289228

Cited by 57 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In a recent review, only six of 20 sexual harassment studies of civilians had return rates above 50%. 31 Research that assessed rape in women veterans used convenience samples 6,7,32 or a self-selected subset of women participating in a multi-phase study. 30,32 Results might not be generalizable to active-duty military women because of cross-sectional design and characteristics of the sample.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health-related consequences of physical and sexual violence: women in the military

Sadler

Booth

Nielson

et al. 2000

Obstetrics &Amp; Gynecology

120

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Objectives: To identify differences in health-related quality of life among women veterans who were raped, physically assaulted (not in the context of rape or domestic violence), both, or neither during military service.Methods: We did a cross-sectional telephone survey of a national sample of 558 women veterans who served in Vietnam and subsequent eras of military service. A stratified survey design selected subjects according to era of service and location. The interview included socioeconomic information, lifetime violence history, the Women's Military Environment Survey to assess women's military experiences, and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 to assess health-related quality of life.Results: Five hundred thirty-seven women completed the interview. Half (48%) experienced violence during military service, including rape (30%), physical assault (35%), or both (16%). Women who were raped or dually victimized were more likely to report chronic health problems, prescription medication use for emotional problems, failure to complete college, and annual incomes less than $25,000 (P < < < .05). Women who were physically assaulted or raped reported significantly lower health-related quality of life (P < < < .05). Those who had both traumas reported the most severe impairment, comparable to women with chronic illnesses.Conclusion: This study suggests that the sequelae of violence against women are an important public health concern. More than a decade after rape or physical assault during military service, women reported severely Violence against American women is surprisingly frequent. Estimates are that one in five women are raped by 21 years of age. 1 Although the incidence of first rape peaks in young women 12 to 17 years old, 2 more than 60,000 rapes of women over age 50 are reported annually. 3 Violence has been identified as a widespread occupational risk for women. Nonfatal assaults account for 42% of women's workplace injuries. 4 More women die from workplace violence than from job-related accidents. 5 Furthermore, the risk of workplace violence appears heightened in some occupations, such as military service. 6,7 Violence recently has gained attention as a women's health issue that has been neglected. 8 Clinical research has focused on the psychologic effects of sexual victimization with limited recognition of the health-related consequences. However, a growing body of literature indicates that sexual violence can have life-long medical repercussions. 9 World Bank economists estimated that sexual victimization accounts for almost 1 in every 5 health-years of life lost among young women (age 15-44 years). 10 One half of rape victims sustain vaginal or perineal trauma. 11 Fifteen percent of victims have significant vaginal tears and 1% require surgical repair of lacerations. 11 Thirty-nine percent of rape victims sustain nongenital injuries, over half of which require medical attention. 11,12 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) occur in up to 43% of victims. 13 Rape is associated with increased symp...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health-related consequences of physical and sexual violence: women in the military

Sadler

Booth

Nielson

et al. 2000

Obstetrics &Amp; Gynecology

120

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“…Unfortunately, its destructive impact is likely to be directly proportional to the trust the academy encourages its students to have in an ideal of education, (p. xii) Research and social activism have generated an awareness that sexual harassment, just like rape and sexual assault, has much more to do with power than with sex (Berryman-Fink, 1993;Fitzgerald, 1990;Konrad & Gutek, 1986;Konsky, Kang, & Woods, 1992;Norment, 1992). However, most accounts, dramatizations, workshops, and research about sexual harassment pertain to a traditional sense of power reflected in superior-subordinate relationships (Fitzgerald & Ormerod, 1991;Fitzgerald et al, 1988;Kenig & Ryan, 1986;Leonard, et al, 1989, Paludi, 1990, Rubin & Borgers, 1990Terpstra, 1989). An expanded conception of power is being explored.…”

Section: -Ivy and Hamletmentioning

confidence: 97%

College students and sexual dynamics: Two studies of peer sexual harassment

Ivy

Hamlet²

1996

Communication Education

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“…Researchers have found that men attribute more responsibility to the victim than do women and also tend to view the victim as an active contributor to the development of the harassing situation (Jenson & Gutek, 1982;Kenig & Ryan, 1986;Rubin & Borgers, 1990). Thus, we expected men to assign more weight to the victim's response than women and to perceive a consistent, assertive, and not unique response to be more effective.…”

Section: Perpetrator-target Interactionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Is that a “No”? The Interpretation of Responses to Unwanted Sexual Attention

et al. 2006

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In this study, we used an interactive perspective to address the issue of responses to sexual harassment. We examined the effect of the consistency across time, consistency across types of advances, and assertiveness of a rejecting response on its perceived effectiveness. Participants were presented with scenarios that described responses to unwanted sexual attention and were required to rate the effectiveness of the responses for their clarity, content, and estimated effect on the future behavior of the perpetrator. The results show significant effects of consistency across time, consistency across types of advances, and assertiveness on perceived effectiveness of the response. As expected, an assertive response that was consistent across time and types of advances was perceived to be the most effective. This effect was found to be stronger for women than for men.

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Sexual harassment in universities during the 1980s

Cited by 57 publications

References 13 publications

Health-related consequences of physical and sexual violence: women in the military

Health-related consequences of physical and sexual violence: women in the military

College students and sexual dynamics: Two studies of peer sexual harassment

Is that a “No”? The Interpretation of Responses to Unwanted Sexual Attention

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