Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by Peacekeepers: Understanding Variation

Nordås, Ragnhild; Rustad, Siri Aas

doi:10.1080/03050629.2013.805128

Cited by 82 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This occurs within the mission's SSR work already, as UN police accompany Haitian National Police (HNP) officers in their daily duties, instructing, correcting, monitoring, and modeling appropriate responses to crime and civilian interaction. Indeed, during the time that MINUSTAH has invested in this method of SSR, the HNP's response to gender issues has transformed and police are now seen as more responsive to crimes involving sexual assault and domestic violence (Kolbe and Muggah 2011;Neudorfer 2014;Nordås and Rustad 2013;.…”

Section: Concluding Thoughtsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[and] the exchange of money, employment, goods, services or assistance for sex.' Peacekeepers are ' discourage [d]' from engaging in sexual relationships with 'recipients of assistance,' though who constitutes a recipient of services is left undefined (Kent 2007;Neudorfer 2014;Nordås and Rustad 2013;OIOS 2015;Simic 2012;UN General Assembly 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It can damage fragile steps towards stability and the establishment of effective state institutions. Lastly, it can send the message that adoption of international human rights norms is optional or a low priority in the post-conflict setting (Burke 2014;Jennings and Nikolić-Ristanović 2009;Kronsell and Svedberg 2011;Neudorfer 2014;Nordås and Rustad 2013;Otto 2007;Smith and Miller-De La Cuesta 2011;Toupin 2014;Veldwijk and Groenendijk 2011;Zawati 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

‘It’s Not a Gift When It Comes with Price’: A Qualitative Study of Transactional Sex between UN Peacekeepers and Haitian Citizens

Kolbe

2015

Stability: International Journal of Security &Amp; Development

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Section: Concluding Thoughtsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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‘It’s Not a Gift When It Comes with Price’: A Qualitative Study of Transactional Sex between UN Peacekeepers and Haitian Citizens

Kolbe

2015

Stability: International Journal of Security &Amp; Development

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“…Using data made publicly available by the UN, Nordas and Rustard (23) examined the variation in reported SEA allegations across different PO between 1999 and 2010. Risk factors positively associated with reported SEA included mission-level factors (type of mandate -i.e.…”

Section: Risk Factors For Reported Sexual Abuse and Exploitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Distribution and Consequences of Sexual Misconduct by Peacekeepers in Haiti: A Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Analysis

Vahedi

Stuart

Lee

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background From 2004 to 2017, the UN sanctioned The United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) to address Haiti's political instability. Reports of sexual misconduct perpetrated by peacekeeping personnel, including children fathered by peacekeepers, were made during the course of MINUSTAH.To date no epidemiological studies have analyzed the distribution and consequences of sexual misconduct perpetrated by MINUSTAH peacekeepers. This research will: (1) Explore the association between location (rural, semi-urban, urban) and the sharing of narratives about sexual misconduct perpetrated by MINUSTAH peacekeepers; (2) Investigate the relationship between sharing narratives about sexual misconduct and the desire to engage with the UN/MINUSTAH. MethodsIn 2017, a cross-sectional survey was administered by Haitian research assistants using SenseMaker®, a rapid mixed-methods data collection tool that allows participants to share a narrative on a topic of interest. In total, 2541 self-interpreted narratives pertaining to the experiences of women/girls in relation to the UN were collected across Haiti. Secondary data analysis using logbinomial regression modeled the relationships of interest. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.4. Results(1) After adjustment, Haitians living in rural areas were more likely (RR rural : 1.19; 95% CI: 1. 03, 1.38) to share a narrative about sexual misconduct, compared to Haitians living in urban areas.(2) The association between sharing narratives of sexual misconduct and willingness to engage with the UN was modified by who the narrative was about. Haitians who expressed personal experiences of sexual misconduct were more likely (RR sex : 4.52; 95% CI: 3.34, 6.12) to reject the UN/MINUSTAH, compared to Haitians who shared personal positive/neutral narratives of MINUSTAH. ConclusionsNarratives of civilian-peacekeeper sexual misconduct are geographically distributed and associated with rejecting the UN/MINUSTAH. This epidemiological analysis is an empirical steppingstone to understanding the distribution and consequences of peacekeeper perpetrated sexual misconduct.

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“…A handful of other studies to date examine SEA misconduct systematically across missions. Nordås and Rustad () examine SEA across peacekeeping missions conducted by the United Nations, NATO, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and the African Union from 1999 – 2010, finding “SEA was more frequently reported in situations with lower levels of battle‐related deaths, in larger operations, in more recent operations, the less developed the country hosting the mission, and in operations where the conflict involved high levels of sexual violence.” Karim and Beardsley’s () study of SEA in UN PKOs from 2009 – 2013 finds the proportion of female peacekeepers and of peacekeepers from contributor countries with better records of gender equality predict reduced levels of SEA among both military and police contingents. They find little or no support for host country development or sexual violence in the previous conflict as predictors of SEA.…”

Section: The Qualities Of Peacekeeping Operationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of UN Peacekeeping Operations on Human Trafficking

Horne

Barney²

2019

International Migration

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While United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations (PKOs) are generally considered to reduce the likelihood of civil war recurrence, attention in recent years has shifted to understanding the dynamics unique to post‐Cold War peacekeeping, including the changing makeup and mandate of PKOs, and associated patterns of peacekeeper misconduct. While several studies of misconduct emphasize peacekeepers’ implication in sexual exploitation and abuse of host country citizens, this study goes the next step by assessing peacekeeping’s relationship to human trafficking more broadly—a perennial concern in post‐conflict states. Though UN PKOs are not always directly responsible for increases in human trafficking in mission host countries, this paper considers how the attributes of UN peacekeeping missions may create the conditions where trafficking is likely to flourish or flounder.

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Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by Peacekeepers: Understanding Variation

Cited by 82 publications

References 27 publications

‘It’s Not a Gift When It Comes with Price’: A Qualitative Study of Transactional Sex between UN Peacekeepers and Haitian Citizens

‘It’s Not a Gift When It Comes with Price’: A Qualitative Study of Transactional Sex between UN Peacekeepers and Haitian Citizens

The Distribution and Consequences of Sexual Misconduct by Peacekeepers in Haiti: A Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Analysis

The Impact of UN Peacekeeping Operations on Human Trafficking

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