Sexual Dimorphism of Radiomic Features in the Brain

Abstract

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine whether MRI radiomic features of key cerebral structures differ between women and men, and whether detection of such differences depends on the image resolution. Materials and Methods Ultrahigh resolution (UHR) 3D MP2RAGE (magnetization-prepared 2 rapid acquisition gradient echo) T1-weighted MR images (voxel size, 0.7 × 0.7 × 0.7 mm3) of the brain of 30 subjects (18 women and 12 men; mean age, 39.0 ± 14.8 years) without abnormal findings on MRI were retrospectively included. MRI was performed on a whole-body 7 T MR system. A convolutional neural network was used to segment the following structures: frontal cortex, frontal white matter, thalamus, putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, and corpus callosum. Eighty-seven radiomic features were extracted respectively: gray-level histogram (n = 18), co-occurrence matrix (n = 24), run-length matrix (n = 16), size-zone matrix (n = 16), and dependence matrix (n = 13). Feature extraction was performed at UHR and, additionally, also after resampling to 1.4 × 1.4 × 1.4 mm3 voxel size (standard clinical resolution). Principal components (PCs) of radiomic features were calculated, and independent samples t tests with Cohen d as effect size measure were used to assess differences in PCs between women and men for the different cerebral structures. Results At UHR, at least a single PC differed significantly between women and men in 6/7 cerebral structures: frontal cortex (d = −0.79, P = 0.042 and d = −1.01, P = 0.010), frontal white matter (d = −0.81, P = 0.039), thalamus (d = 1.43, P < 0.001), globus pallidus (d = 0.92, P = 0.020), caudate nucleus (d = −0.83, P = 0.039), and corpus callosum (d = −0.97, P = 0.039). At standard clinical resolution, only a single PC extracted from the corpus callosum differed between sexes (d = 1.05, P = 0.009). Conclusions Nonnegligible differences in radiomic features of several key structures of the brain exist between women and men, and need to be accounted for. Very high spatial resolution may be required to uncover and further investigate the sexual dimorphism of brain structures on MRI.