Sexual dimorphism in the dioecious willow <i>Salix purpurea</i>

Gouker, Fred E.; Carlson, Craig H.; Zou, Junzhu; Evans, Luke M.; Crowell, Chase R.; Smart, Christine D.; DiFazio, Stephen P.; Smart, Lawrence B.

doi:10.1002/ajb2.1704

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Also, homologous heterogametic transitions may be less likely induced by meiotic drive because the loci to restore the sex ratio need to arise on chromosomal regions unlinked to the sex determination region 48 . Notably, however, female sex ratio bias has been reported in several species in subgenus Vetrix [49][50][51][52][53] . Finally, the heterogametic transition in Salix may have resulted from solely from genetic drift, although under this model XY to ZW shifts are less common than XY to XY shifts unless extreme polygyny is present 54 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An unusual origin of a ZW sex chromosome system

Sanderson

Guo

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Transitions in the heterogamety of sex chromosomes (e.g. XY to ZW or vice versa) are rare and fundamentally alter the genetic basis of sex determination. Although in an XY->ZW transition the W is more likely to arise from the X because they both carry feminizing genes and the X is expected to harbor less genetic load than the Y, here we show that both the W and the Z have arisen from the Y in willows (Salix). The new Z chromosome shared multiple homologous putative masculinizing factors with the ancestral Y, whereas the new W lost these masculinizing factors and gained feminizing factors. The origination of both the W and Z from the Y was permitted by an unexpectedly low genetic load on the Y and indicates that the origins of sex chromosomes during homologous transitions may be more flexible than previously considered.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An unusual origin of a ZW sex chromosome system

Sanderson

Guo

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…They have the advantage of maintaining genetic diversity of species, which is beneficial to their adaption to different environments by natural selection or artificial selection during domestication of crops ( Barrett and Hough, 2013 ; Lei et al., 2017 ). Although sexual dimorphism in morphology ( Decraene and Smets, 1999 ; Barrett and Hough, 2013 ), physiology ( Laporte and Delph, 1996 ), timing of development ( Gouker et al., 2021 ) and resistance to stress ( Melnikova et al., 2017 ; Tonnabel et al., 2017 ; Liu et al., 2021b ) has been overwhelmingly reported, the relationship between metabolic profiles and microbial communities in roots and rhizosphere soils of dioecious plants has rarely been investigated. In the present study, we found that sex-based differences exhibited in metabolites and microbiota in dioecious papaya.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-based metabolic and microbiota differences in roots and rhizosphere soils of dioecious papaya (Carica papaya L.)

Zhou

Pang²,

Yuan³

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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Dioecious plant species have a high genetic variation that is important for coping with or adapting to environmental stress through natural selection. Intensive studies have reported dimorphism morphism in morphology, physiology, as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses in dioecious plants. Here, we demonstrated the dimorphism of metabolic profile and the preference of some microorganisms in the roots and rhizosphere soils of male and female papaya. The metabolic composition of roots were significantly different between the males and females. Some sex hormones occurred in the differential metabolites in roots and rhizosphere soils. For example, testosterone was up-regulated in male papaya roots and rhizosphere soils, whereas norgestrel was up-regulated in the female papaya roots, indicating a possible balance in papaya roots to control the sexual differentiation. Plant hormones such as BRs, JAs, SA and GAs were also detected among the differential metabolites in the roots and rhizosphere soils of dioecious papaya. In addition, some metabolites that have medicinal values, such as ecliptasaponin A, crocin, berberine and sapindoside A were also expressed differentially between the two sexes. Numerous differential metabolites from the papaya roots were secreted in the soil, resulting in the differences in microbial community structure in the roots and rhizosphere soils. Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, Brevundimonas and Microvirga were enriched in the male papaya roots or rhizosphere soils. While Candidatus Solibacter and Tumebacillus, which utilize organic matters, were enriched in the roots or rhizosphere soils of the female papaya. Some differences in the fungi abundance were also observed in both male and female papaya roots. These findings uncovered the effect of sex types on the metabolic and microbiota differences in roots and rhizosphere soils in papaya and will lead to investigations of underlining genomic and molecular mechanisms.

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“…In some cases, gender-related plant responses are influenced by the environment [85,88,89]. In addition, reported data on the influence of gender on morphology is inconsistent and vary from having influence [90][91][92][93], being of uncertain influence [94][95][96] to no influence at all [97]. These inconsistencies can be particularly observed in the Populus genus, closely related genus to willows.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population Variability of Almond-Leaved Willow (Salix triandra L.) Based on the Leaf Morphometry: Isolation by Distance and Environment Explain Phenotypic Diversity

Tumpa

Šatović

Vidaković

et al. 2022

Forests

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Almond-leaved willow (Salix triandra L., Salicaceae) is a dioecious shrub, rarely a small tree that grows under various environmental conditions. We examined the population structure of 12 populations of almond-leaved willow using nine leaf morphological traits and specific leaf area. Populations were selected from a range of habitats, from continental to the sub-Mediterranean zone, to examine the influence of environmental conditions (climate and altitude) and geographic distance on leaf variability. Significant differences were confirmed among all populations for all traits, with significant correlations between geographic location of populations and morphological traits, and between environmental conditions and morphological traits. Large-leaved populations were found in continental and sub-Mediterranean climates, while small-leaved populations were found in higher elevations and smaller karstic rivers. In addition, populations from floodplains showed greater variability than populations from the karstic habitats, indicating a positive influence of lowland habitats and possible underlying differences in gene pool size. In conclusion, we found that environmental conditions and geographical distances in addition to genetic drift, are the main influences on the variability in almond-leaved willow, with the species showing a high level of plasticity and adaptation to local environmental conditions.

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Sexual dimorphism in the dioecious willow Salix purpurea

Cited by 16 publications

References 52 publications

An unusual origin of a ZW sex chromosome system

An unusual origin of a ZW sex chromosome system

Sex-based metabolic and microbiota differences in roots and rhizosphere soils of dioecious papaya (Carica papaya L.)

Population Variability of Almond-Leaved Willow (Salix triandra L.) Based on the Leaf Morphometry: Isolation by Distance and Environment Explain Phenotypic Diversity

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