Sexual dimorphism in human facial expressions by 3D surface processing

Jandová, Marie; Urbanová, Petra

doi:10.1016/j.jchb.2018.06.002

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Dissimilarities with those studies include that some were 2D, 23,24 some only examined subjects older than 20 years, [26][27][28][29][30][31] and none of them provided vectors of movement. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Only in two studies, the same expressions as in the current study were researched: the closed smile and pouting. 23,31 All other studies examined different facial exercises.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a comparison between these studies and the current study is difficult to draw. Dissimilarities with those studies include that some were 2D, 23,24 some only examined subjects older than 20 years, 26–31 and none of them provided vectors of movement. 23–31 Only in two studies, the same expressions as in the current study were researched: the closed smile and pouting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23,31 All other studies examined different facial exercises. , [24][25][26][27][28][29][30] To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to provide reference standards of landmark displacement in three directions for facial exercises for different young age groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies confirmed that facial movement is larger in men than in women. 23,24,[27][28][29] Others found no, or limited, sex-related differences. 26,30 It could be suggested that sexrelated differences arise from differences in facial size and shape.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Average Facial Expressions: A Range of Motion Analysis for Different Sex and Age Groups

Schutte

Muradin

Bielevelt

et al. 2023

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open

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Background: Facial expressions are ubiquitous in communication. Therefore, assessment of mimic function is essential in facial surgery, but no reference standards are currently available. This prospective study aims to create reference values of three-dimensional landmark displacement for different sex and age groups. Methods: Three-dimensional photographs were taken from healthy subjects in rest, maximum closed smile, and pouting. Displacement for both exercises of perioral landmarks was analyzed with MATLAB as absolute displacement and as the ratio of mouth width. Additionally, displacement in three planes was analyzed for each landmark. Averages were calculated for both genders in four age groups: 4–8, 8–12, 12–16, and >16 years. Results: In total, 328 subjects were included. Oral landmarks predominantly moved forward and backward for both exercises. Nasal landmarks predominantly moved vertically. Growing up, oral landmark displacement decreased for smiling, whereas nasal landmark displacement increased. For pouting, oral landmark displacement increased while growing up, whereas nasal landmark displacement decreased. Conclusions: The present study creates reference values for movement of perioral structures for different sex and age groups, for two facial expressions. These data are of great value for the assessment of mimic function and give insight into the development of facial animation over time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Average Facial Expressions: A Range of Motion Analysis for Different Sex and Age Groups

Schutte

Muradin

Bielevelt

et al. 2023

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open

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“…While the FACS system has been extensively used with 2D dynamic faces displaying emotional expressions, for example, 2D images (Pantic and Rothkrantz, 2004;Cohn and De la Torre, 2014;Baltrušaitis et al, 2015) and 2D dynamic videos (Donato et al, 1999;Pantic and Rothkrantz, 2004;Bartlett et al, 2006) this study indicates 3D/4D dynamic faces may be more important for low intensity emotions. The FACS system has likewise achieved action unit detection in 3D facial videos or scans (Cosker et al, 2011) for successful emotion detection (Sun et al, 2008;Tsalakanidou and Malassiotis, 2010;Berretti et al, 2013;Reale et al, 2013;Tulyakov et al, 2015;Danelakis et al, 2018); and even more socially related morphologies such as dominance, trustworthiness and attractiveness (Gill et al, 2014) or the influences of ethnicity and gender on how we display emotional expressions differently from one another (Jack et al, 2014;Jandova and Urbanova, 2018).…”

Section: The Influence Of 4d Dynamic Movement In Building Facial Percmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 4D Space-Time Dimensions of Facial Perception

Burt

Crewther

2020

Front. Psychol.

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Facial information is a powerful channel for human-to-human communication. Characteristically, faces can be defined as biological objects that are four-dimensional (4D) patterns, whereby they have concurrently a spatial structure and surface as well as temporal dynamics. The spatial characteristics of facial objects contain a volume and surface in three dimensions (3D), namely breadth, height and importantly, depth. The temporal properties of facial objects are defined by how a 3D facial structure and surface evolves dynamically over time; where time is referred to as the fourth dimension (4D). Our entire perception of another's face, whether it be social, affective or cognitive perceptions, is therefore built on a combination of 3D and 4D visual cues. Counterintuitively, over the past few decades of experimental research in psychology, facial stimuli have largely been captured, reproduced and presented to participants with two dimensions (2D), while remaining largely static. The following review aims to advance and update facial researchers, on the recent revolution in computer-generated, realistic 4D facial models produced from real-life human subjects. We delve in-depth to summarize recent studies which have utilized facial stimuli that possess 3D structural and surface cues (geometry, surface and depth) and 4D temporal cues (3D structure + dynamic viewpoint and movement). In sum, we have found that higher-order perceptions such as identity, gender, ethnicity, emotion and personality, are critically influenced by 4D characteristics. In future, it is recommended that facial stimuli incorporate the 4D space-time perspective with the proposed time-resolved methods.

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