Sexual dimorphism in bacterial infections

Vázquez-Martínez, Edgar Ricardo; García-Gómez, Elizabeth; Camacho‐Arroyo, Ignacio; González‐Pedrajo, Bertha

doi:10.1186/s13293-018-0187-5

Cited by 116 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 260 publications

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“…There is increasing evidence supporting sex dimorphism in the cytokine response to certain bacterial infections, such as an overproduction of IL-2 in males (38). However, to our knowledge, there are no studies investigating sex-dependent differences of IL-2, CCL5, or IL-17 in neonatal sepsis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Staphylococcus epidermidis Sensitizes Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Male but Not Female Mice

et al. 2020

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Background: Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most common nosocomial infection and the predominant pathogen in late-onset sepsis in preterm infants. Infection and inflammation are linked to neurological and developmental sequelae and bacterial infections increase the vulnerability of the brain to hypoxia-ischemia (HI). We thus tested the hypothesis that S. epidermidis exacerbates HI neuropathology in neonatal mice.Methods: Male and female C57Bl/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with sterile saline or 3.5 × 10 7 colony-forming units of S. epidermidis on postnatal day (PND) 4 and then subjected to HI on PND5 (24 h after injection) or PND9 (5 d after injection) by left carotid artery ligation and exposure to 10% O 2 . White and gray matter injury was assessed on PND14-16. In an additional group of animals, the plasma, brain, and liver were collected on PND5 or PND9 after infection to evaluate cytokine and chemokine profiles, C5a levels and C5 signaling.Results: HI induced 24 h after injection of S. epidermidis resulted in greater gray and white matter injury compared to saline injected controls in males, but not in females. Specifically, males demonstrated increased gray matter injury in the cortex and striatum, and white matter loss in the subcortical region, hippocampal fimbria and striatum. In contrast, there was no potentiation of brain injury when HI occurred 5 d after infection in either sex. In the plasma, S. epidermidis-injected mice demonstrated increased levels of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and a reduction of C5a at 24 h, but not 5 d after infection. Brain CCL2 levels were increased in both sexes 24 h after infection, but increased only in males at 5 d post infection.Conclusion: Ongoing S. epidermidis infection combined with neonatal HI increases the vulnerability of the developing brain in male but not in female mice. These sex-dependent effects were to a large extent independent of expression of systemic cytokines or brain CCL2 expression. Overall, we provide new insights into how systemic S. epidermidis infection affects the developing brain and show that the time interval between infection and HI is a critical sensitizing factor in males.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Staphylococcus epidermidis Sensitizes Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Male but Not Female Mice

et al. 2020

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“…Differences in the immune responses between males and females are in part attributed to the X chromosome, which contains a high number of immune-related genes and regulatory factors that are involved in both the innate and adaptive immune responses [42,43]. X-linked mosaicism encourages a highly polymorphic gene expression that could enhance the immune response more in females [43], with consequent more symptomatic pertussis. Thus, a stronger immune response in females could result in more clinical manifestations of pertussis.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

A multi-country, multi-year, meta-analytic evaluation of the sex differences in age-specific pertussis incidence rates

2020

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Background Pertussis is frequently reported to be more common in females than in males. However, the variability of the sources of these observations makes it difficult to estimate the magnitude and consistency of the sex differences by age. To address this question, we used meta-analytic methods to analyze pertussis national incidence rates by sex and age group from nine countries between the years 1990 and 2017. Methods For each age group, we used meta-analytic methods to combine the female to male incidence rate ratios (RRs) by country and year. Meta-regression was performed to assess the relative contributions of age, country and time-period to the variation in the incidence RRs. Results The pooled female to male incidence RRs (with 95% CI) for ages 0

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“…Only 3 blood samples showed positive bacterial growth, the presence of bacteria in the blood is known as bacteremia which has several signi cant health consequences. (18), bacteria may also spread through the blood to other parts of the body and causes infection away from the original infection site. (19), (20), (21) and (22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence of Pathogenic Bacteria from Different Clinical Samples, Northern Part of Iraq.

MIYASAR¹

2020

Preprint

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Abstract Background Bacteria are prokaryotic which causes a wide range of diseases in human and animals as well, thus, early diagnosis of bacterial infection is an important step for their management. The vast majority of bacteria are harmless to human and some strains are even beneficial. However, some strains cause infections including pneumonia, meningitis and urinary tract infection…etc. The present study aimed to describe and determine the prevalence rate of pathogenic bacteria in different clinical samples from Duhok city, Kurdistan region of Iraq, as there are no available data of bacterial infections.Methods Totally, 200 adult patients enrolled in the present study during July 2017-July 2018. We collected different clinical specimens including (SFA, Bronchial Lavage, catheter, cerebrospinal fluid, body fluids, blood, semen, stool pus, urine, sputum and ear swabs). Standard microbiological techniques used for isolation and identification. All samples collected before antibiotic uses by specialized physician.Results The result reported that forty-six samples (23%) obtained from male and one hundred fifty-four samples (77%) obtained from females. A high diversity of pathogens was found but Staphylococcus aureus recorded the highest infection rate by (33.3%) which observed in 32 urine samples by and followed by E. coli (27.3%) and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (25.3%), which observed in 36 and 29 urine samples, respectively. Alternatively, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were founded in few samples.Conclusion The highest diversity of potential pathogens observed in urine samples was E.coi. Over all, Staphlococcus aureus was predominant and recorded the highest prevalence rate by (33.3%) in 50 samples which followed by E. coli recorded in 41 samples (27.3%) and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci observed in 38 samples (25.3%).

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Sexual dimorphism in bacterial infections

Cited by 116 publications

References 260 publications

Staphylococcus epidermidis Sensitizes Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Male but Not Female Mice

Staphylococcus epidermidis Sensitizes Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Male but Not Female Mice

A multi-country, multi-year, meta-analytic evaluation of the sex differences in age-specific pertussis incidence rates

The Prevalence of Pathogenic Bacteria from Different Clinical Samples, Northern Part of Iraq.

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