“…They risk being stigmatized, discriminated against, and criminalized. Some will be abandoned by their spouses, prevented from donating blood, and denied employment, travel opportunities, and health insurance [ 8 , 29 ]. In the era of the “test and treat approach”, the unnecessary initiation of life-long antiretroviral therapy may result in the wastage of scarce resources such as medicines, laboratory reagents for measuring viral load and CD4 + T cell counts, and valuable clinic and staff time.…”