Sexual Attitudes and Double Standards: A Literature Review Focusing on Participant Gender and Ethnic Background

Fugère, Madeleine A.; Escoto, Carlos A.; Cousins, Alita J.; Riggs, Matt L.; Haerich, Paul

doi:10.1007/s12119-008-9029-7

Cited by 53 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(80 reference statements)

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“…These questions have simply been elided in most research on the subject. Several scholars, however, note the influence of the Sexual Revolution of the late 1960s and 1970s, in particular a general increase in sexual permissiveness (Bogle 2008;England et al 2008;Harding and Jencks 2003) and widespread availability of birth control (Fugere et al 2008). Others have pointed to the Women's Movement's push for acceptance of casual and non-marital sex for women (Bogle 2008;Fugere et al 2008).…”

Section: Hypotheses For the Causes And Timing Of Hook-up Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Hook-Up Culture: Setting a New Research Agenda

2010

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Summarizing the major findings of literature on hook-up culture, we propose a new research agenda focusing on when and why this sexual subculture emerged. We explore a series of hypotheses to explain this sexual paradigm shift, including college and university policies, the gender distribution of students, changes in the nature of alcohol use, access to and consumption of pornography, the increased sexual content of non-pornographic media, rising self-objectification and narcissism, new marriage norms, and perceptions of sexual risk. We then recommend new directions for research, emphasizing the need to explore structural and psychological as well as cultural factors, the role of discrete events alongside slowly emerging social change, the need for intersectional research and studies of non-college-attending and post-college youth, and the benefits of longitudinal and cross-college designs.

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Section: Hypotheses For the Causes And Timing Of Hook-up Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some scholars have suggested that access to pornography via the Internet spurred hook-up culture (Fugere et al 2008;Garcia and Reiber 2008). Internet access accelerated starting in the mid-1990s as personal computer ownership became more affordable.…”

Section: Access To and Consumption Of Pornographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hook-Up Culture: Setting a New Research Agenda

2010

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“…The impact of gender on assessments of the sexual double standard may be related to participants' personal attitudes towards sexuality; participants who endorse liberal attitudes towards sexuality may not conform to traditional sex-and age-based scripts and norms of behavior, and sexual attitudes are typically more liberal among men than women, although effect sizes are typically small (Fugère et al 2008). Those who have more positive attitudes towards sex generally have more positive attitudes to a wider range of sexual behaviours and may therefore perceive more interest in traditional and experimental sex among all targets.…”

Section: Individual Differences In Endorsements Of Sexual and Ageist mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Tale of Two Standards: An Examination of Young Adults’ Endorsement of Gendered and Ageist Sexual Double Standards

Lai

Hynie

2010

Sex Roles

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Current North American sexual standards allow women to be sexual within committed relationships but may still restrict women's sexuality to a greater extent than men's. We investigated whether these gender double standards interact with an age double standard that describes the elderly as less sexual than the young, to create particularly limiting sexual standards for older women. 305 Canadian undergraduates completed a 2 (target age) × 2 (target gender) × 2 (participant gender) withinsubjects study measuring perceptions of younger (own age) and older (over 65 years old) men's and women's interest in traditional sex (e.g., cuddling, intercourse with main partner) and experimental sex (e.g., extra-relationship sex, viewing erotic materials). ANCOVAs controlling for ageist and sexist beliefs revealed the ageist double standard; the elderly were perceived to be less interested in sex overall than the young. There was also a sexual double standard; women were perceived to be more interested in traditional sex than men, and men more interested in experimental sex than women. For traditional sex, women perceived younger targets as more interested than the older targets, and women targets as more interested than men. For experimental sex, a three-way interaction showed the interplay between the sexual and ageist double standards. Elderly female targets were perceived as least interested, and young male targets as most interested. Results reinforce that the current sexual standards distinguish between sex for intimacy and sex for other reasons (e.g., pleasure) and that the standards are particularly restrictive for older women.

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“…This is surprising given racial and ethnic differences in attitudes surrounding the engagement in sexual behaviors (Cuffee, Hallfors, & Waller, 2007; Fugère, Escoto, Cousins, Riggs, & Haerich, 2008), as well as the changing diversity of the United States (Jones & Bullock, 2013). Recent studies that utilize more diverse samples find that Black youth are significantly more likely to report experience with vaginal sex compared to their White counterparts (Burdette & Hill, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaginal and Oral Sex Initiation Timing: A Focus on Gender and Race/Ethnicity

Holway

2015

International Journal of Sexual Health

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Objectives Most previous studies on sexual initiation timing have examined its effects on a variety of subsequent outcomes without first examining the correlates and predictors of these timing categories. Studies that do exist often do not utilize samples through young adulthood, leading to a misclassified set of sexual timing categories. In addition, the literature does not adequately address the issues of oral sex timing. Therefore, the objectives of this study were 1) to explore age-cutoffs that mark the “normative” and “non-normative” entry into vaginal and oral sex among young women and men in the U.S., creating sexual four sexual initiation timing categories – “early,” “normative,” “late,” and “inexperienced,” and; 2) to examine the association between race/ethnicity and sexual initiation timing by gender. Methods The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) was used in both descriptive and multivariate contexts to determine the net association of gender and race/ethnicity with vaginal and oral sex initiation timing. Results Age-cutoffs for vaginal sex timing were similar for women and men, yet differed by gender for oral sex timing. Women were more likely than men to initiate vaginal sex (20% vs. 18%) and oral sex (19% vs. 16%) at an early age and less likely than men to initiate these behaviors at a late age (18% vs. 19% for vaginal sex, and 15% vs. 16% for oral sex). Although most respondents initiated these two behaviors by young adulthood, a considerable proportion remained inexperienced, with men more likely than women to report inexperience with vaginal sex (7% vs. 5%), and women more likely than men to report abstaining from oral sex (8% vs. 6%). Race/ethnic differences in sexual initiation timing remained robust in the face of controls for both women and men. Conclusions Understanding the timing at which adolescents and young adults transition to first vaginal and first oral sex is critical for sex education curriculum and policy makers.

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Sexual Attitudes and Double Standards: A Literature Review Focusing on Participant Gender and Ethnic Background

Cited by 53 publications

References 29 publications

Hook-Up Culture: Setting a New Research Agenda

Hook-Up Culture: Setting a New Research Agenda

A Tale of Two Standards: An Examination of Young Adults’ Endorsement of Gendered and Ageist Sexual Double Standards

Vaginal and Oral Sex Initiation Timing: A Focus on Gender and Race/Ethnicity

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