Sexual Assault Trauma and Trauma Change

Ruch, Libby O.; Leon, Joseph J.

doi:10.1300/j013v08n04_02

Cited by 45 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…Preexisting mental health conditions: Several studies have identified that preexisting mental health conditions are positively related to postassault mental health sequelae. Victims who had attempted suicide preassault experienced significantly more postassault depression and anxiety (Frank et al, 1981), and preexisting mental health diagnosis and substance abuse problems were positvely associated with postassault trauma (Frank & Anderson, 1987;Ruch & Chandler, 1983;Ruch & Leon, 1983). Preassault depression and suicidal history significantly predicted depression levels 4 months postassault (Atkeson et al, 1982).…”

Section: ; Ruch and Chandlermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, it appears that negative social reactions have a stronger detrimental effect on survivors' mental health than positive social reactions for bolstering well-being (Borja et al, 2006;Campbell et al, 2001;Fowler & Hill, 2004;Ruch & Leon, 1983). It may be that negative social reactions are more salient for survivors' recovery because survivors are more likely to first disclose to family and friends (Ahrens et al, 2007;Filipas & Ullman, 2001;Starzynski, Ullman, Filipas, & Townsend.…”

Section: Microsystem Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Ecological Model of the Impact of Sexual Assault On Women's Mental Health

Campbell

Dworkin

Cabral

2009

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

759

650

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This review examines the psychological impact of adult sexual assault through an ecological theoretical perspective to understand how factors at multiple levels of the social ecology contribute to post-assault sequelae. Using Bronfenbrenner's (1979, 1986, 1995) ecological theory of human development, we examine how individual-level factors (e.g., sociodemographics, biological/genetic factors), assault characteristics (e.g., victim-offender relationship, injury, alcohol use), microsystem factors (e.g., informal support from family and friends), meso/ exosystem factors (e.g., contact with the legal, medical, and mental health systems, and rape crisis centers), macrosystem factors (e.g., societal rape myth acceptance), and chronosystem factors (e.g., sexual revictimization and history of other victimizations) affect adult sexual assault survivors' mental health outcomes (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, suicidality, and substance use). Self-blame is conceptualized as meta-construct that stems from all levels of this ecological model. Implications for curbing and/or preventing the negative mental health effects of sexual assault are discussed.

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Section: ; Ruch and Chandlermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Microsystem Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Ecological Model of the Impact of Sexual Assault On Women's Mental Health

Campbell

Dworkin

Cabral

2009

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

759

650

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“…While attempted and completed sexual assaults and their effects have been examined previously (Ruch & Leon, 1983), few studies have examined the effects of multiple incidents (Marhoefer-Dvorak et al, 1988). Little attention has also been given to the cumulative impact of multiple experiences in data analyses.…”

Section: Preparation Of Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal and External Mediators of Women's Rape Experiences

Wyatt

Notgrass

Newcomb

1990

Psychology of Women Quarterly

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Internal and external factors are examined as mediational processes and/ or coping strategies that link four aspects of women's rape experiences to the initial and lasting effects on their post-rape adjustment, attitude toward sex and intimacy, and lifestyle changes to prevent future assaults. Data are from a multiethnic community sample of 55 women who had been victims of rape or attempted rape. A measured or observed variable simultaneous path analysis model was used to test the relationships among the traumatic circumstances, mediators, and outcome variables. More self-blame, high involvement of police or other agencies, a greater number of repeated rapes per incident, and severity of abuse predicted women's negative initial and lasting attitudes toward sex and intimacy. The implications of these findings are discussed as they relate to barriers in disclosing attempted and completed incidents of rape.Incidents o f attempted and completed rape are k n o w n t o be some of the more serious forms of sexual assault (Russell, 1983). In the past 10 years, the initial and lasting effects o f rape o n women's psychological adjustment

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“…Although previous victimization, (of any type, not just sexual) affects recovery, there do not seem to be clear or consistent patterns 12 . There is evidence to suggest that victims of more than one incident of sexual victimization (whether sexual abuse in childhood or a prior experience of sexual assault), experience poorer social adjustment 21 , and may be at greater risk of experiencing delayed reactions 22 . It may be that this is more likely if the preceding event/s have not been previously disclosed or were unsupported following disclosure.…”

Section: Vulnerability Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Care Package for Managing Female Sexual Assault in Genitourinary Medicine

Harrison

Murphy

1999

Int J STD AIDS

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This paper describes the development of a designated in-house service for the management of adult female victims of sexual assault within the Department of Genitourinary Medicine (GUM) at St Mary's Hospital, London. This was set up in 1994 as a need was identified by medical, nursing, psychological and health advising staff for an appropriate streamlined service which would provide comprehensive sexual health screening, psychological support and therapy and adequate medico-legal documentation within the limitations of a busy GUM clinic. A structured package of care consisting of medical and psychological protocols with training for relevant staff and a specialist in-house referral clinic was introduced. Fifty-four patients were seen during the first 17 months of the service, the notes of 48 of these were examined and relevant epidemiological and audit data are presented here. By auditing the quality of documentation before and after the introduction of the protocols specifically looking at the appropriateness and comprehensiveness of the sexually transmitted diseases screen and the medico-legal documentation it was clear that the quality of care to these patients was improved. We present here the development of these protocols, a detailed description of the protocols themselves and the method of their implementation.

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Sexual Assault Trauma and Trauma Change

Cited by 45 publications

References 0 publications

An Ecological Model of the Impact of Sexual Assault On Women's Mental Health

An Ecological Model of the Impact of Sexual Assault On Women's Mental Health

Internal and External Mediators of Women's Rape Experiences

A Care Package for Managing Female Sexual Assault in Genitourinary Medicine

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