Sexual Assault Survivor Reports of Missed Bystander Opportunities: The Role of Alcohol, Sexual Objectification, and Relational Factors

Haikalis, Michelle; Leone, Ruschelle M.; Parrott, Dominic J.; DiLillo, David

doi:10.1177/1077801218781941

Cited by 40 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…A few studies explored bystander opportunities or approaches to preventing and responding to sexual violence (Fileborn, 2017;Graham et al, 2014b;Haikalis et al, 2018;Leili, 2016, 2018). Specifically, one study examined the impact of a bar staff bystander training programme implemented in the USA, with findings suggesting positive impacts on altering rape myths and barriers to intervention, including bartenders' willingness to intervene (Powers and Leili, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, programmes are needed that aim to promote gender equality and address norms that promote sexual violence at a societal level. (Brooks, 2011;Fileborn, 2017;Gunby et al, 2017;Lippy and DeGue, 2016) Bystander approaches/ programmes Exploration of nightlife worker bystander programmes, and the nature and extent of bystander intervention in incidents of sexual violence 5 (Fileborn, 2017;Graham et al, 2014b;Haikalis et al, 2018;Powers & Leili, 2016, 2018 Individual level risk management Descriptions of individual strategies to reduce risks of nightlife-related sexual violence (e.g. limiting alcohol consumption; not walking around alone), and evaluation of drink spiking kits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Five articles explored bystander opportunities or approaches to preventing and responding to sexual violence (Fileborn, 2017;Graham et al, 2014b;Haikalis et al, 2018;Leili, 2016, 2018). In an observation study in Canadian bars and clubs, bystanders (i.e.…”

Section: Prevention and Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Sexual violence and nightlife: A systematic literature review

Quigg

Bigland

Hughes

et al. 2020

Aggression and Violent Behavior

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Preventing and responding to sexual violence in nightlife settings is increasingly of global concern. The goal of this article was to identify and summarise academic studies on nightliferelated sexual violence. Specifically, to explore the nature, extent and consequences of, or associations with nightlife-related sexual violence, and interventions to prevent and respond.Of the 61 studies identified, 29 explored or reported on the nature of nightlife-related sexual violence, 22 provided information on extent, 38 on associations, and 19 on prevention and response. The majority of studies had been implemented in the past ten years (2009-2018) and in high-income countries. The review illustrates that nightlife-related sexual violence is pervasive, with lifetime prevalence reaching over 50% amongst numerous study samples.Studies suggest that a combination of factors at an individual, relationship, and community/environmental level are associated with nightlife-related sexual violence. No studies directly explored consequences, and few studies evaluated prevention and response approaches. Globally, further research is required to understand nightlife-related sexual violence, and inform the development of prevention programmes across all but particularly low and middle-income countries. Critically, interventions aimed at preventing and responding to nightlife-related sexual violence require thorough evaluation, with findings disseminated in both lay and academic literature.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sexual violence and nightlife: A systematic literature review

Quigg

Bigland

Hughes

et al. 2020

Aggression and Violent Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Further, alcohol-related sexual aggression most often occurs among acquaintances who spend time together at a bar or party (Abbey et al, 1996; Ullman, et al, 1999). In these drinking contexts, bystanders are often present (e.g., Graham et al, 2014) and consuming alcohol prior to 88% of sexual assaults (Haikalis, Leone, Parrott & DiLillo, 2018). Despite a link between alcohol and sexual aggression, there exists not a single published study that examines the acute effects of alcohol on event-based bystander intervention for sexual aggression (hereafter termed sexual aggression intervention).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Alcohol Intoxication Inhibits Bystander Intervention Behavior for Sexual Aggression Among Men with High Intent to Help

Leone

Parrott

2018

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Background: Bystander training programs aim to encourage third-party witnesses to intervene in high-risk sexual situations; however, these programs rarely focus on training bystanders to effectively intervene when intoxicated. This is not surprising due to the limited evidence on the proximal effects of alcohol on bystander intervention for sexual aggression. To this end, the aim of the present study was to test the effects of men's self-reported intent to help strangers and acute alcohol intoxication on the likelihood and speed of sexual aggression intervention.Methods: Participants were 74 men who completed a measure of intent to help (Session 1) and were randomly assigned to consume alcohol or a no-alcohol control beverage (Session 2). Next, they engaged in a novel laboratory paradigm in which they and 4 other confederates (2 men, 2 women) watched a female confederate, who reported a strong dislike of sexual content in the media, view a sexually explicit film which they could stop at any time. Bystander intervention was operationalized as whether and how quickly participants stopped the film.Results: Findings indicated that (i) intent to help strangers predicted faster sexual aggression intervention and (ii) intent to help strangers predicted a higher likelihood and faster rate of sexual aggression intervention among sober, but not intoxicated, men. This latter finding suggests that among men who endorsed a high willingness to intervene in sexual aggression, alcohol intoxication decreased intervention behavior.Conclusions: Results demonstrate that alcohol functions as a barrier to intervention for men who would otherwise intervene. Findings are interpreted using an integrative framework for intoxicated sexual aggression intervention and highlight the need for bystander training programs to incorporate alcohol interventions to reduce heavy drinking and psychoeducation to train bystanders how to intervene when intoxicated.

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“…Young adults are at risk for experiencing alcohol-related sexual violence, demonstrating the highest rates of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2006), with young women evincing the highest rates of sexual assault victimization (Daigle et al, 2008;Fisher et al, 2000). Young adults are at high risk for experiencing alcohol-involved sexual assault, typically with the presence of third-party "bystanders" who are also consuming alcohol (Haikalis et al, 2018). Bystanders play a crucial role in sexual assault prevention (Banyard et al, 2009).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Alcohol Intoxication on Bystander Intervention in a Vignette Depiction of Sexual Assault

Ham

Wiersma‐Mosley

Wolkowicz

et al. 2019

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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Alcohol-related sexual violence remains a public health problem. Despite the popularity of sexual assault bystander intervention programs, these may be limited in addressing bystander intoxication because the effects of intoxication on intervening in a sexual assault are unknown. Therefore, we tested the effects of alcohol intoxication on the five steps of bystander intervention in a sexual assault vignette. Method: Young adults (N = 128; 50% women) were randomly assigned to consume alcohol (target blood alcohol concentration = 0.08%; n = 64) or a nonalcoholic control beverage (n = 64) in a barlaboratory. Next, participants were presented with a vignette describing events occurring in a convivial drinking context that ends with nonconsensual sexual behavior. Latané and Darley's bystander intervention model steps were assessed in a semistructured interview. Results: Participants in the control condition recalled the story more accurately (Step 1: notice the event) and reported greater risk/need for intervention (Step 2), but they did not differ on the latter three steps of bystander intervention compared with alcohol-condition participants. Intoxication effects were similar for men and women. Furthermore, risk/need for intervention (Step 2) partially mediated the effect of alcohol condition on personal responsibility (Step 3) and relative benefits versus costs from intervening (Step 4). Conclusions: Prevention programs should consider the effects of alcohol on detecting a sexual assault and the need to intervene. If intoxicated bystanders do not detect a sexual assault, then bystanders will not reach the crucial steps (i.e., taking responsibility for intervening; willingness and ability to intervene) required to intervene successfully.

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Sexual Assault Survivor Reports of Missed Bystander Opportunities: The Role of Alcohol, Sexual Objectification, and Relational Factors

Cited by 40 publications

References 34 publications

Sexual violence and nightlife: A systematic literature review

Sexual violence and nightlife: A systematic literature review

Acute Alcohol Intoxication Inhibits Bystander Intervention Behavior for Sexual Aggression Among Men with High Intent to Help

Effect of Alcohol Intoxication on Bystander Intervention in a Vignette Depiction of Sexual Assault

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