“…Finally, while selection pressures in our ancestors are difficult to reconstruct, their effects might still be observable in the behavioral tendencies, genome and neuroendocrine system of modern humans ( Holmquist and Vestin, 2010 ; Madison, 2011 ; Björk, 2013 ; Madison et al, 2017 , in press ). For instance, recent studies have mapped musical and rhythmic phenotypes to genes and hormonal profiles ( Mosing et al, 2015 ; Miani, 2016a , b ); more focused studies linking biology and psychology are needed for the specific trait(s) underlying isochrony.…”
Section: Evolutionary Hypotheses and Future Empirical Workmentioning
Isochrony is crucial to the rhythm of human music. Some neural, behavioral and anatomical traits underlying rhythm perception and production are shared with a broad range of species. These may either have a common evolutionary origin, or have evolved into similar traits under different evolutionary pressures. Other traits underlying rhythm are rare across species, only found in humans and few other animals. Isochrony, or stable periodicity, is common to most human music, but isochronous behaviors are also found in many species. It appears paradoxical that humans are particularly good at producing and perceiving isochronous patterns, although this ability does not conceivably confer any evolutionary advantage to modern humans. This article will attempt to solve this conundrum. To this end, we define the concept of isochrony from the present functional perspective of physiology, cognitive neuroscience, signal processing, and interactive behavior, and review available evidence on isochrony in the signals of humans and other animals. We then attempt to resolve the paradox of isochrony by expanding an evolutionary hypothesis about the function that isochronous behavior may have had in early hominids. Finally, we propose avenues for empirical research to examine this hypothesis and to understand the evolutionary origin of isochrony in general.
“…Finally, while selection pressures in our ancestors are difficult to reconstruct, their effects might still be observable in the behavioral tendencies, genome and neuroendocrine system of modern humans ( Holmquist and Vestin, 2010 ; Madison, 2011 ; Björk, 2013 ; Madison et al, 2017 , in press ). For instance, recent studies have mapped musical and rhythmic phenotypes to genes and hormonal profiles ( Mosing et al, 2015 ; Miani, 2016a , b ); more focused studies linking biology and psychology are needed for the specific trait(s) underlying isochrony.…”
Section: Evolutionary Hypotheses and Future Empirical Workmentioning
Isochrony is crucial to the rhythm of human music. Some neural, behavioral and anatomical traits underlying rhythm perception and production are shared with a broad range of species. These may either have a common evolutionary origin, or have evolved into similar traits under different evolutionary pressures. Other traits underlying rhythm are rare across species, only found in humans and few other animals. Isochrony, or stable periodicity, is common to most human music, but isochronous behaviors are also found in many species. It appears paradoxical that humans are particularly good at producing and perceiving isochronous patterns, although this ability does not conceivably confer any evolutionary advantage to modern humans. This article will attempt to solve this conundrum. To this end, we define the concept of isochrony from the present functional perspective of physiology, cognitive neuroscience, signal processing, and interactive behavior, and review available evidence on isochrony in the signals of humans and other animals. We then attempt to resolve the paradox of isochrony by expanding an evolutionary hypothesis about the function that isochronous behavior may have had in early hominids. Finally, we propose avenues for empirical research to examine this hypothesis and to understand the evolutionary origin of isochrony in general.
“…Wilson and Cook (2016) discussed which animal species are capable of synchronizing to a beat, either spontaneously or after being trained, and how this evidence relates to evolutionary hypotheses. Some of these evolutionary hypotheses on music and rhythm have been tested via genetics (Mosing et al, 2015), behavioral experiments (Miani, 2016), electrophysiology (Bouwer et al, 2016) or animal comparative work (ten Cate et al; van der Aa et al, 2015). …”
Section: Rhythm In Other Journals Since Late 2015mentioning
“…On one hand, a recent exploratory analysis found no relationship between singing and testosterone levels in males (Bowling et al, 2022). On the other hand, a single-subject study found evidence that sexual arousal in males improves rhythmic synchronization, suggesting that rhythmic synchronization may be mediated by sex hormones (Miani, 2016). Sexual arousal, however, is also mediated by vasopressin-a neuropeptide closely related to oxytocin.…”
Section: Neurohormonal Mechanisms Of Musical Behaviorsmentioning
Recently, interest has been growing in investigating rhythm cognition and behavior in nonhuman animals as a way of tracking the evolutionary origins of human musicality-that is, the ability to perceive, enjoy, and produce music. During the past 2 decades, an explosion of theoretical proposals have aimed at explaining why and how humans have evolved into musical beings, and the empirical comparative research has gained momentum. In this article, we focus on the rhythmic component of musicality and review functional and mechanistic theoretical proposals concerning putative prerequisites for perceiving and producing rhythmic structures similar to those encountered in music. For each theoretical proposal, we also review supporting and contradictory empirical findings. To acknowledge that the evolutionary study of musicality requires an interdisciplinary approach, our review strives to cover perspectives and findings from as many disciplines as possible. We conclude with a research agenda that highlights relevant, yet thus far neglected, topics in the comparative and evolutionary study of rhythm cognition. Specifically, we call for a widened research focus that will include additional rhythmic abilities besides entrainment, additional channels of perception and production besides the auditory and vocal ones, and a systematic focus on the functional contexts in which rhythmic signals spontaneously occur. With this expanded focus, and drawing from systematic observation and experimentation anchored in multiple disciplines, animal research is bound to generate many important insights into the adaptive pressures that forged the component abilities of human rhythm cognition and their (socio)cognitive and (neuro)biological underpinnings.
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