Sex workers, fem queens, and cross-dressers: Differential marginalizations and HIV vulnerabilities among three ethnocultural male-to-female transgender communities in New York City

Hwahng, Sel; Nuttbrock, Larry

doi:10.1525/srsp.2007.4.4.36

Cited by 97 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…Research in Asia and North America, for example, has shown that the broad category 'transgender' may include a diversity of other identities and that HIV risk may differ significantly between these (cf. Chakrapani, Newman, Shunmugam & Dubrow 2011;Hwahng & Nuttbrock 2007).…”

Section: Are There Transgender People In Africa?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgender in Africa: Invisible, inaccessible, or ignored?

Jobson¹,

Theron

Kaggwa

et al. 2012

SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS

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Transgender people are an important key population for HIV risk globally, and several studies have found HIV prevalence rates in transgender populations that are significantly higher than those among other key populations such as men who have sex with men (MSM). There is a lack of research on transgender populations in Africa, and at present, there is almost no data available on HIV prevalence and risk among transgender people on the continent. It is possible that the invisibility of transgender people in epidemiological data from Africa is related to the criminalisation of same-sex behaviour in many countries and the subsequent fear of negative repercussions from participation in research. Alternatively, transgender people may be being overlooked in research due to confusion among researchers about how to ask questions about gender identity. It is also possible that transgender populations have simply been ignored in research to date. Without research on transgender-specific HIV prevalence and risk, it is very difficult to know what interventions and services are needed for this risk population. Therefore, it is important that researchers, governments, Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and donor organisations begin to pay explicit attention to transgender people in their HIV-related research and programmes in Africa. Keywords: transgender, Africa, HIV/AIDS RésuméLes personnes transsexuelles son tune population clé importante pour le risque au VIH à l'échelle mondiale, et plusieurs études ont montré que les taux de prévalence du VIH au sein des populations transsexuelles étaient significativement plus élevés que ceux parmi les autres populations clés comme les hommes ayant des rapports sexuels avec les hommes (HSH). Il y a une carence dans le domaine de recherche sur les populations transsexuelles en Afrique, et présentement il n'y a presque pas de données disponibles sur la prévalence et le risque relatifs au VIH au sein de la population transsexuelle sur le continent. Il est possible que l'invisibilité de la population transsexuelle dans les données épidémiologiques provenant de l'Afrique soit liée à la criminalisation répandue des comportements homosexuels dans beaucoup de pays et la peur des répercussions négatives consécutives à la participation aux activités liées aux pratiques homosexuels. Alternativement, la population transsexuelle pourrait être en train d'être négligée dans la recherche en raison de la confusion parmi les chercheurs sur la manière de poser les questions sur l'identité sexuelle. Il est aussi possible que les populations transsexuelles aient simplement été ignorées dans les recherches jusqu'à présent. Sans la recherche sur le risque et la prévalence spécifique chez les transsexuels, il est très difficile de connaître quelles interventions et quels services sont nécessaires pour cette population à risque. Il est donc important que les chercheurs, les gouvernements, les ONGs et les organisations donatrices commencent à prêter une attention particulière à la population transsexu...

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Section: Are There Transgender People In Africa?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgender in Africa: Invisible, inaccessible, or ignored?

Jobson¹,

Theron

Kaggwa

et al. 2012

SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS

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“…This finding aligns with those reported by Dixen et al (1984), who found that 16.9 % of MtF transsexuals had practiced prostitution. Prostitution has been linked to poverty, poor family financial resources, little or no family support, difficulty finding work, a low educational level (Hwahng & Nuttbrock, 2007), and homosexual orientation (Lawrence, 2010a).…”

Section: Sociodemographic Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sociodemographic Characteristics and Psychological Adjustment Among Transsexuals in Spain

et al. 2015

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This study examined the sociodemographic characteristics and the psychological adjustment of transsexuals in Andalusia (Spain), and also analyzed the differences between female-to-male (FtM) and male-to-female (MtF) transsexuals. The sample included 197 transsexuals (101 MtF and 96 FtM) selected from those who visited the Transsexual and Gender Identity Unit at the Carlos Haya Hospital in Malaga between 2011 and 2012. Our analyses indicated that MtF transsexuals were more likely to have lower educational levels, live alone, have worked less frequently throughout their lifetime, and have engaged in prostitution. For FtM transsexuals, there were more frequent references to the mother's psychiatric history and more social avoidance and distress. Multivariate analysis showed that the number of personality dysfunctional traits and unemployment status were associated with depression in the entire sample. The following three conclusions can be made: there are significant differences between MtF and FtM transsexuals (mainly related to sociodemographic variables), depression was high in both groups, and a remarkable percentage of transsexuals have attempted suicide (22.8 %) or have had suicidal thoughts (52.3 %).

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“…This was the case not only with the transgender population but also of sex worker sub-populations (Hwahng & Nuttbrock, 2007;Cáceres, Konda, Pecheny, Chatterjee, & Lyeria, 2006). Nevertheless, the term MSM was maintained in the last two proposals, and such generalisation delayed consideration of specific interventions targeting sub-populations, which would have improved the strategies in place.…”

Section: Characterisation Of the Epidemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical analysis of Peru's HIV grant proposals to the Global Fund

Cáceres

Amaya

Sandoval

et al. 2013

Global Public Health

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2 Peru has applied to six of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (the Global Fund) rounds for funding, achieving success on four occasions. The process of proposal development has, however, been criticised, especially concerning the use of evidence, relevance/consistency, and performance indicators.We aimed to analyse the Peruvian Global Fund proposals according to those dimensions, providing feedback to improve future local efforts and inform global discussions around Global Fund procedures. We analysed the content of four HIV-focused proposals (rounds 2, 5, 6 and 8) regarding epidemic context, needs identification and prioritisation, and monitoring and evaluation systems.Peruvian proposals submitted after round 1 were described as resulting from collaborative inputs involving formerly unrepresented sectors, principally 'vulnerable populations'. However, difficulties arose regarding the amount and quality of evidence about the epidemiological context; limited consideration of social determinants of the epidemic; lack of theory-driven interventions and little synergy across projects; and the inclusion of weak monitoring and evaluation systems, with poor indicators and measurement procedures.Prioritising the development of analytical and technical skills to generate Global Fund proposals would enhance the country's capacity to produce and utilise evidence, improve the technical-political interface, strengthen information systems, and lead to more informed decisionmaking and accountability. HIV/AIDS proposal elaboration processes have undergone different phases in Peru. The unsuccessful proposal for round 1 (which was not available and does not form part of this analysis) was formulated independently by the Ministry of Health. This proposal was followed by three consecutive, successful proposals (rounds 2, 5, and 6) and another unsuccessful proposal submitted for round 8. A new proposal submitted for round 10 under the special provision for key populations has recently been approved but was also not part of this analysis. The proposal approved for the 10th round (for US$12.5 million) in 2011 brought the total amount for HIV/AIDS activities by the Global Fund to approximately US$90 million (Global Fund, 2010). Table 1 presents a brief description of the four proposals that served as a basis for this study. from one proposal to the other; c) to assess whether the proposals include the appropriate mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating impacts and outcomes. These three dimensions encompass the key technical aspects of a programmatic proposal, all of which should be evidence-based: background, goals and activities, and performance assessment. For each of these objectives, we formulated indicators intended to operationalise the key dimensions identified for analysis (see Table 2). Study limitationsThis study has limitations such as the difficulty in defining a single, detailed evaluation framework across different proposals in an evolving context; restrictions in assessing the context where eac...

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Sex workers, fem queens, and cross-dressers: Differential marginalizations and HIV vulnerabilities among three ethnocultural male-to-female transgender communities in New York City

Cited by 97 publications

References 52 publications

Transgender in Africa: Invisible, inaccessible, or ignored?

Transgender in Africa: Invisible, inaccessible, or ignored?

Sociodemographic Characteristics and Psychological Adjustment Among Transsexuals in Spain

A critical analysis of Peru's HIV grant proposals to the Global Fund

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