Sex Trafficking Red Flags:

Kennedy, Margaret; Arebalos, Monica R.; Ekroos, Rachell A.; Cimino, Andrea N.

doi:10.1016/j.mnl.2021.01.007

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Most providers have been offered little or no training or educational opportunities on how to recognize survivors (Ahn et al, 2013; Egyud et al, 2017; Wallace et al 2021). Therefore, few providers are able to confidently identify potential survivors (Einbond et al, 2020; Todres & Diaz, 2019), and even if they are able to identify, there is a lack of specific, facility-level guidelines available to direct care (Albright et al, 2020; Beck et al, 2015; Kennedy, Arebalos, Ekroos, & Cimino, 2021).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A multidisciplinary approach needs to be undertaken in collaboration with service organizations. The health care provider can act as a liaison between the trafficking survivor and the social services sector; however, the social service providers need to be ready to mobilize and provide shelter, meals, and rehabilitative services (Coughlin, Greenbaum, & Kitchen, 2020; Kennedy et al, 2021; Schwarz et al, 2016). At present, most facilities do not have programs and policies in place to facilitate this multidisciplinary approach (Rollins, 2017).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex Trafficking

Rapoza¹

2022

Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal

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Sex trafficking often goes unrecognized, yet is a pervasive issue that disproportionately affects marginalized populations. Survivors suffer adverse health effects and often present to health care facilities while still under control of their traffickers. Health care providers, including nurses and advanced practice nurses, lack understanding of risk factors, signs and symptoms, and means of offering assistance. A comprehensive literature search was conducted utilizing EBSCOhost and WorldCat. Studies were considered eligible for inclusion if subject matter dealt directly with domestic sex trafficking and included implications for health care or health care education. There are some identified risk factors that place people at higher risk for victimization and survivors may present for care with a common symptom, including physical and mental health issues. Barriers to care include both survivor and health care system characteristics; however, health care providers can undertake specific actions to help overcome these barriers. Health care providers are in a prime position to identify and assist sex trafficking survivors. However, they need to be aware of common risk factor presentations, and they need to be trained to offer assistance. Ongoing research is needed to determine the best way to develop, introduce, and evaluate these trainings.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Trafficking

Rapoza¹

2022

Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal

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“…12 The Center for Disease Control recognizes adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) as a public health crisis due to their lasting negative health consequences into adulthood. 14,15 Evidence suggests that as many as 88% of people exploited through sex trafficking have received medical care during their time of exploitation. 16 The vast majority of trafficking victims are treated in the emergency department.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 The Center for Disease Control recognizes adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) as a public health crisis due to their lasting negative health consequences into adulthood. 14,15…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ethics and urgency of identifying domestic minor sex trafficking victims in clinical settings

et al. 2022

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A critical opportunity for identifying children experiencing domestic minor sex trafficking exists in healthcare settings. This quantitative study documented the disconnect between youth seeking help and interventions offered by healthcare providers. Ninety-one sex youth exploited through sex trafficking answered questions detailing their experiences of seeking medical treatment for injuries associated with selling or trading sex. Healthcare providers who were aware that injuries were sustained due to sex trafficking did not always alert legal or mandated reporting authorities. This analysis identified violations of the four pillars of ethical healthcare. This investigation revealed lost opportunities to intervene on behalf of youth suffering trauma and abuse from sex trafficking highlighting the necessity for a formal protocol in healthcare settings to effectively intervene.

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“…Witnessing family violence, experiencing neglect, sexual abuse, and living in foster care have also been identified as vulnerabilities (Chohaney, 2015; Landers et al, 2017; Reid et al, 2017). One method in which vulnerabilities have been assessed is through the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) questionnaire, which profiles many of the vulnerabilities listed above (Alexis Kennedy et al, 2021; Reid et al, 2017; Toney-Butler et al, 2022). Furthermore, people who have experienced victimization prior to being trafficked may have an increased risk of victimization during the recruitment and transportation stages of the trafficking process (De Vries & Farrell, 2018).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Trafficking in New York City and Vulnerabilities to Re-Trafficking

Chen,

Beauchemin,

Cuan

et al. 2023

J Interpers Violence

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Human trafficking occurs in a cycle of coercion and exploitation of vulnerable people; yet, little is known about those who are trafficked more than one time (re-trafficked). Our study sought to describe the trafficking experiences and explore vulnerabilities to re-trafficking in an urban, majority immigrant, population. This study is part of a parent cohort study that enrolls patients at the EMPOWER Center in New York City, which provides trauma-informed obstetric and gynecologic services to victims of sexual- and gender-based violence. Retrospective chart review was conducted on patients with a history of sex trafficking who were evaluated at the EMPOWER Center from February 2013 to January 2021. A total of 87 patients were enrolled in this study, 23 (26.4%) of whom had been re-trafficked. All were women. Most (88.5%) were victims of international trafficking, most often from Mexico or the Caribbean/Central America. Nine (10.3%) reported contraceptive use and six (6.9%) experienced forced substance use while trafficked. The most reported barriers that women faced in escaping trafficking were threat of violence (28.7%) and financial dependence (19.5%). Re-trafficked patients were more likely to have a history of being undocumented (odds ratio [OR] = 5.29; 95% confidence intervals [CI] [1.34, 20.94]) and experienced childhood sexual abuse (OR = 2.99; 95% CI [1.10, 8.16]), experienced childhood physical abuse (OR = 3.33; 95% CI [1.18, 9.39]), and lived with a non-parent family member (OR = 6.56; 95% CI [1.71, 25.23]). Although these vulnerabilities were no longer significant when analyzed in a parsimonious multivariate logistic regression model adjusting for the other significant variables, likely due to the limited sample size. Almost half (46.0%) reported ongoing emotional effects from being trafficked, which did not vary by re-trafficking status. Our study highlights potential pre-trafficking vulnerabilities, illustrates the complexity of the trafficking experience, and presents potential risk factors for being re-trafficked.

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Sex Trafficking Red Flags:

Cited by 8 publications

References 28 publications

Sex Trafficking

Sex Trafficking

The ethics and urgency of identifying domestic minor sex trafficking victims in clinical settings

Sex Trafficking in New York City and Vulnerabilities to Re-Trafficking

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