Sex-specific immune mechanisms in PTSD symptomatology and risk: A translational overview and perspectives

Levesque, Pascal; Desmeules, Charles; Béchard, Laurent; Huot-Lavoie, Maxime; Demers, Marie-France; Roy, Marc‐André; Deslauriers, Jessica

doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.02.013

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Importantly, PTSD, among other highly prevalent stress-induced neuropsychiatric disorders, is associated with increases in inflammatory factors in the brain and periphery (Hänsel et al, 2010; Ravi et al, 2021; Smiley & Wood, 2022). Further, neuroimmune signaling has been associated with psychiatric dysfunction following stress in rodent models (Finnell et al, 2018; B. S. Pate et al, 2023) and in clinical populations (Engler et al, 2016), especially in females (Bekhbat & Neigh, 2018; Levesque et al, 2023). Specifically, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections evoke greater inflammatory, noradrenergic, and cortisol responses in women which were associated with worsening mood symptoms that were not observed in men (Engler et al, 2016; Moieni et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, neuroimmune signaling has been associated with psychiatric dysfunction following stress in rodent models and in clinical populations (Engler et al, 2016), especially in females (Bekhbat & Neigh, 2018;Levesque et al, 2023). Specifically, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections evoke greater inflammatory, noradrenergic, and cortisol responses in women which were associated with worsening mood symptoms that were not observed in men (Engler et al, 2016;Moieni et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The functional role of locus coeruleus microglia in the female stress response

Smiley,

Pate,

Bouknight

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Neuropsychiatric disorders that result from stress exposure, including post-traumatic stress disorder and substance abuse, are highly associated with central inflammation. Our previous work established that females selectively exhibit increased proinflammatory cytokine release within the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) in response to witnessing social stress, which was associated with a hypervigilant phenotype. Thus, neuroimmune activation in the LC may be responsible for the heightened risk of developing mental health disorders following stress in females. Further, ablation of microglia using pharmacological techniques reduces the hypervigilant behavioral response exhibited by females during social stress. Therefore, these studies were designed to further investigate the impact of stress-induced neuroimmune signaling on the long-term behavioral and neuronal consequences of social stress exposure in females using DREADDs. We first characterized the use of an AAV-CD68-Gi-DREADD virus targeted to microglia within the LC. While the use of AAVs in preclinical research has been limited by observations regarding poor transfection efficiency in mice, recent data suggest that species specific differences in microglial genetics may render rats more receptive to chemogenetic targeting of microglia using a CD68 promoter. Therefore, clozapine-n-oxide (CNO) was used to activate the microglial expressed hM4Di to inhibit microglial activity during acute exposure to vicarious social defeat (witness stress, WS) in female rats. Neuroimmune activity within the LC, quantified by microglial morphology and cytokine release, was augmented by WS and prevented by chemogenetic microglial inhibition. Following confirmation of DREADD selectivity and efficacy, we utilized this technique to inhibit microglial activity during repeated WS. Subsequently, rats were tested in a marble burying paradigm and exposed to the WS cues and context to measure hypervigilant behaviors. Chemogenetic-mediated inhibition of microglial activity prior to each WS exposure prevented both acute and long-term hypervigilant responses induced by WS across multiple behavioral paradigms. Further, a history of microglial inactivation during WS prevented the heightened LC activity typically observed in response to stress cues. These studies are among the first to use a chemogenetic approach to inhibit microglia within the female brainin vivoand establish LC inflammation as a key mechanism underlying the behavioral and neuronal responses to social stress in females.

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