Sex-specific differences in cardiac control and hematology of sockeye salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i>) approaching their spawning grounds

Sandblom, Erik; Clark, Timothy D.; Hinch, Scott G.; Farrell, Anthony P.

doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00363.2009

Cited by 60 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…An additional concern is that the rate of disease progression increases with temperature (Fagerlund et al, 1995;Wagner et al, 2005;Crossin et al, 2008), particularly as Pacific salmonids progressively lose immune function and undergo rapid senescence during the upriver spawning migration (Miller et al, 2009). The sex-specific differences documented here for pink salmon corroborate previous suggestions for sockeye salmon that females have less capacity to tolerate environmental perturbations (Sandblom et al, 2009), and so it may be necessary to incorporate these sex-specific effects into future conservation efforts.…”

Section: Implications In a Warming Climatesupporting

confidence: 74%

Exceptional aerobic scope and cardiovascular performance of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) may underlie resilience in a warming climate

Clark

Jeffries

Hinch

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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167

173

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SUMMARYLittle is known of the physiological mechanisms underlying the effects of climate change on animals, yet it is clear that some species appear more resilient than others. As pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in British Columbia, Canada, have flourished in the current era of climate warming in contrast to other Pacific salmonids in the same watershed, this study investigated whether the continuing success of pink salmon may be linked with exceptional cardiorespiratory adaptations and thermal tolerance of adult fish during their spawning migration. Sex-specific differences existed in minimum and maximum oxygen consumption rates (M O2,min and M O2,max , respectively) across the temperature range of 8 to 28°C, reflected in a higher aerobic scope (M O2,max -M O2,min ) for males. Nevertheless, the aerobic scope of both sexes was optimal at 21°C (T opt ) and was elevated across the entire temperature range in comparison with other Pacific salmonids. As T opt for aerobic scope of this pink salmon population is higher than in other Pacific salmonids, and historic river temperature data reveal that this population rarely encounters temperatures exceeding T opt , these findings offer a physiological explanation for the continuing success of this species throughout the current climate-warming period. Despite this, declining cardiac output was evident above 17°C, and maximum attainable swimming speed was impaired above ~23°C, suggesting negative implications under prolonged thermal exposure. While forecasted summer river temperatures over the next century are likely to negatively impact all Pacific salmonids, we suggest that the cardiorespiratory capacity of pink salmon may confer a selective advantage over other species.

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Section: Implications In a Warming Climatesupporting

confidence: 74%

Exceptional aerobic scope and cardiovascular performance of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) may underlie resilience in a warming climate

Clark

Jeffries

Hinch

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

Self Cite

167

173

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“…cortisol, glucose, and sodium) and reproductive hormones (i.e. 11-ketotestosterone, testosterone, 17β-estradiol) when compared to males (Sandblom et al 2009). …”

Section: Migratory Behaviors and Fate Of Scsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Sex differences have been shown to affect spawning migrations in Pacific salmon (Quinn 2005) and to influence physiological profiles (Brett 1995, Sandblom et al 2009). In the present study, only male fish were sampled because the female population was captured and used to produce hatchery brood stock.…”

Section: Migratory Behaviors and Fate Of Scsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, females may have held at preferable sites longer to conserve energy and allow their gametes to mature, as females allocate more energy into sexual maturation (Brett 1995). Females also have different physiological profiles (Sandblom et al 2009); female sockeye salmon were found to have higher levels of acute stress indicators (i.e. cortisol, glucose, and sodium) and reproductive hormones (i.e.…”

Section: Migratory Behaviors and Fate Of Scsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hematocrit is the packed cell volume of blood and was found to be ~0.51 (Table 3). Hematocrit is not a particularly sensitive stress indicator (Barton et al 2002) and, like glucose, can change rapidly in response to handling and blood collection methods (Sandblom et al 2009). As discussed earlier, plasma potassium was within the range of typical concentrations reported for Pacific salmon during the upriver portion of the spawning migration.…”

Section: Blood Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Osmoregulatory, metabolic, and nutritional condition of summer-run male Chinook salmon in relation to their fate and migratory behavior in a regulated river

Hasler¹,

Donaldson²,

Sunder³

et al. 2011

Endang. Species. Res.

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We studied the migratory success of male summer-run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Puntledge River on Canada's Vancouver Island over a 3 yr period using biotelemetry and non-lethal physiological biopsy. Principal component analysis was used to group co-varying physiological variables prior to comparing fish with different migratory behaviors (e.g. migration rate, holding times) and fate (migration and spawning success). Fish with low levels of endogenous energy stores (total protein, cholesterol, and triglycerides) and dietary minerals (calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus) at the time of sampling were found to subsequently ascend the most upstream natural barrier (Nib Falls) significantly faster than fish with higher levels. Fate was weakly associated with several physiological characteristics; successful migrants had significantly higher hematocrit values and significantly lower plasma K+ relative to failed migrants, suggesting that fish condition at river entry can influence subsequent behavior. Our results indicate that physiological and nutritional condition can influence adult migrating male summer-run Chinook salmon, but we did not find a physiological profile that could explain all behaviors and fates observed. This study represents one of the first to apply conservation physiology tools to study an imperiled river fish population.

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Consequences of high temperatures and premature mortality on the transcriptome and blood physiology of wild adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

Jeffries

Hinch

Sierocinski

et al. 2012

Ecology and Evolution

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118

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Elevated river water temperature in the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada, has been associated with enhanced mortality of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during their upriver migration to spawning grounds. We undertook a study to assess the effects of elevated water temperatures on the gill transcriptome and blood plasma variables in wild-caught sockeye salmon. Naturally migrating sockeye salmon returning to the Fraser River were collected and held at ecologically relevant temperatures of 14°C and 19°C for seven days, a period representing a significant portion of their upstream migration. After seven days, sockeye salmon held at 19°C stimulated heat shock response genes as well as many genes associated with an immune response when compared with fish held at 14°C. Additionally, fish at 19°C had elevated plasma chloride and lactate, suggestive of a disturbance in osmoregulatory homeostasis and a stress response detectable in the blood plasma. Fish that died prematurely over the course of the holding study were compared with time-matched surviving fish; the former fish were characterized by an upregulation of several transcription factors associated with apoptosis and downregulation of genes involved in immune function and antioxidant activity. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC1) was the most significantly upregulated gene in dying salmon, which suggests an association with cellular apoptosis. We hypothesize that the observed decrease in plasma ions and increases in plasma cortisol that occur in dying fish may be linked to the increase in ODC1. By highlighting these underlying physiological mechanisms, this study enhances our understanding of the processes involved in premature mortality and temperature stress in Pacific salmon during migration to spawning grounds.

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Sex-specific differences in cardiac control and hematology of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) approaching their spawning grounds

Abstract: Sandblom E, Clark TD, Hinch SG, Farrell AP. Sex-specific differences in cardiac control and hematology of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) approaching their spawning grounds.

Cited by 60 publications

References 53 publications

Exceptional aerobic scope and cardiovascular performance of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) may underlie resilience in a warming climate

Exceptional aerobic scope and cardiovascular performance of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) may underlie resilience in a warming climate

Osmoregulatory, metabolic, and nutritional condition of summer-run male Chinook salmon in relation to their fate and migratory behavior in a regulated river

Consequences of high temperatures and premature mortality on the transcriptome and blood physiology of wild adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

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