Sex role stereotyping in the sunday comics: Ten years later

Brabant, Sarah; Mooney, Linda A.

doi:10.1007/bf00288245

Cited by 29 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Framing theory suggests that practices for representing gender in the media have become standardized, thereby reinforcing stereotypes (Tuchman, 1978). Most content analyses have reached the same conclusion: males outnumber females and females are framed or stereotyped in relation to "female" topics (Brabant & Mooney, 1986;Bridge, 1997;Signorielli, 1985). For instance, research has shown that males are more likely than females to be associated with sports topics and sports photos (Adams & Tuggle, 2004), whereas females are more likely than males to be associated with stories and photos about homemaking and entertainment (Luebke, 1989;Miller, 1975;Rodgers, Thorson & Antecol, 2000).…”

Section: Gender Stereotypes and Emotionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Stereotypical Portrayals of Emotionality in News Photos

Rodgers¹,

Kenix

Thorson³

2007

Mass Communication and Society

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This research content analyzed the news photographs of a major US daily newspaper to examine the emotional portrayals of individuals in different gender, age and ethnic subgroups. A multidimensional measure of emotion (pleasure, arousal, dominance) was used. A total of 1,595 individuals were coded. The results demonstrate that emotionality was stereotyped to some degree, particularly in relation to females, ethnic minorities and senior citizens. Specifically, African Americans were depicted as excited whereas Asian Americans were seen as calm.Females were portrayed as happy and teens were shown as sad. The results support the social construction of emotion and suggest that the news media play a role in framing and constructing emotional meaning with regard to different subgroups in American society. Stereotypical Portrayals of Emotionality in News PhotosResearch on visual stereotypes abounds but surprisingly few studies have examined emotionality and stereotypes in photographs. Pictures are emotional representations of reality that convey important information about gender, age and ethnic groups (Blackwood, 1983).Emotions refer to specific feelings conveyed by individuals who are photographed-whether happy or sad, excited or calm, or submissive or dominant.Research has demonstrated that visual images can influence public knowledge (Iyengar, 1991) and enhance viewers' recall of news stories (Graber, 1990), suggesting that visual imagery plays an important role in helping news consumers make sense of the world around them (Matthews & Reuss, 1985). A clear benefit of visual communication is its ability to transcend textual limitations and convey emotions in addition to factual evidence (Lester, 2000). However, this field of research has not progressed past early constructions of emotionality (Wanta & Leggett, 1989). Because news photos are often scanned first (Miller, 1975) and can contain highly vivid images that can form long-lasting impressions on memory (Lester, 2000), it is important to examine the emotional content of photos to determine whether different subgroups in America are marginalized or stereotyped in relation to their emotions.Our purpose is to extend the literature on stereotypes by drawing upon a long-standing multi-dimensional conceptualization of emotion used extensively in psychology. Known as PAD (pleasure, arousal, dominance), the idea was to examine how individuals of different genders, ages and ethnicities are framed in terms of their emotions. We argue that the expression of emotion is biological and cultural-biological in terms of gender, age and ethnicity and cultural in terms of newsroom decisions that translate to emotional depictions of individuals in different gender, age and ethnic groups. For instance, we expect that there will be different kinds of events 4 across the sections of the newspaper that will translate to emotions expressed by different genders, ages and ethnicities represented within those sections. Trends in the multi-dimensional levels of emotional representa...

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Section: Gender Stereotypes and Emotionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Stereotypical Portrayals of Emotionality in News Photos

Rodgers¹,

Kenix

Thorson³

2007

Mass Communication and Society

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“…Although such guides have been available for at least a decade, the continued evidence of sex stereotypes in many communication media suggests limited application. Gender bias has been documented in media as diverse as magazine fiction (Lazar & Dier, 1978), television commercials (Maracek, et al, 1978), speeches of presidential candidates (Purnell, 1978), Sunday comics (Brabant & Mooney, 1986), popular music (Cooper, 1985), introductory college textbooks (Bertilson, et al, 1982), and corporate annual reports (Kuiper, 1986).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Representation in Corporate Annual Reports and Perceptions of Corporate Climate

Kuiper¹

1988

Journal of Business Communication

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Annual reports from a sample of Fortune 500 firms were examined to determine male and female depiction in those reports. Parity indices were computed to relate male/female representation in the reports to male/female representation in the labor force. The parity indices were correlated with report readers' perceptions of corporate climate, measured by a nine-item Likerttype scale. Perceptions of corporate climate bore little relationship to male representation in the annual reports. However, as visibility of females increased, participants tended to rate corporate climate more favorably.

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“…Research has shown that gender stereotypes changed little between 1972 and 1988 (Brabant and Mooney, 1986;Bergen and Williams, 1991). As proof of this gender stereotype, DiBenedetto and Tittle (1990) found that both men and women in their sample perceived a tradeoff between paid work and family for women but not for men (Konrad and Cannings, 1997).…”

Section: Women's Roles In Egyptmentioning

confidence: 97%

Sex stereotyping managerial positions

Elsaid

2012

Gender in Management: An International Journal

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Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to examine how men and women sex stereotype managerial positions and how they view women in managerial roles in Egypt and the USA, in order to provide meaningful cross-cultural comparisons. Design/methodology/approach -The study uses surveys that utilize the Schein descriptive index and the women as managers scale (WAMS) to compare perceptions on women in managerial positions in Egypt and the USA. The sample consists of 553 Egyptian and 324 American management students. Findings -The results show that in the Egyptian sample both males and females held negative views of women managers. However, in the US sample, women held more favourable views of women managers than did their male counterparts. In the Egyptian sample the English section female students had a more positive perception of female managers than their Arabic section counterparts.Research limitations/implications -The sample is limited to management students in Egypt and the USA. The Middle East includes countries with different cultures, such as Israel. About 10 percent of Egypt's population are Christians who do not necessarily share the same cultural beliefs as the country's Muslim majority. Practical implications -The paper helps donor countries better direct their aid programs when it comes to promoting gender equality and championing women's rights in the Middle East. Originality/value -Our contribution was to study the perceptions of female leaders in Egypt, an Arab, Muslim, Middle Eastern country. The gender research on countries with conservative cultures, such as Egypt, is an area that remains mostly unexamined. Our study aims to provide researchers and practitioners with a better understanding of the position of Egyptian women in management.

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Sex role stereotyping in the sunday comics: Ten years later

Cited by 29 publications

References 9 publications

Stereotypical Portrayals of Emotionality in News Photos

Stereotypical Portrayals of Emotionality in News Photos

Gender Representation in Corporate Annual Reports and Perceptions of Corporate Climate

Sex stereotyping managerial positions

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