Sex-Role Orientation: An Analysis of Structural and Attitudinal Predictors

Tomeh, Aida K.

doi:10.2307/350765

Cited by 59 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…Data obtained from college students and young adults confirm this trend (Tomeh, 1978;Weeks et al, 1981;Herzog et al, 1983;Keith and Brubaker, 1977;Roper and Labeff, 1977). In direct contrast to these results is evidence based mostly on samples of couples regarding spouses' rela- tive responsibility for household and childcare tasks which shows consistently that wives maintain major responsibility for these roles (Slocum and Nye, 1976;Caplow eta]., 1982; Albrecht et a] Geerken and Gove, 1983;Kamerman, 1980;Herzog et al, 1983;Gross and Arvey, 1977;Gecas, 1976;Stafford et al, 1977).…”

Section: The Homemaker and Childcare Rolessupporting

confidence: 52%

Changing Family Roles and Interactions

Szinovacz

1984

Marriage & Family Review

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Popular literature and textbooks depict an image of family relationships undergoing rapid change. Slogans such as "Changing Families," "Families in Transition," or "Marriage and Alternatives" increasingly replace the simple "Marriage and the Family" titles of previous textbooks. In contrast, feminists insist that women's position in the family is still subject to traditional role expectations and behaviors. At the center of this critique are analyses of the division of labor between spouses and power asymmetries between the sexes (Thorne, 1982;Bernard, 1982;Freedman, 1979;Richardson and Taylor, 1983).In this paper, evidence of changes in family roles and interaction within the last two to three decades is reviewed, emphasizing issues at the center of the feminist critique, namely, the division of labor between spouses, power and decision-making processes, and sexual relations.' In the first section of the chapter, models of family change are outlined and criteria for the assessment of change are presented. Subsequent sections depict changes in selected role domains, and appraise available empirical evidence as well as theoretical contributions. The chapter concludes with an overall evaluation of familial role changes over time and some speculations on future trends. Maximiliane E. Szinovacz is Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology at the Florida State University.I would like to express my special thanks to Beth Hess for her comments and extensive editorial work.

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Section: The Homemaker and Childcare Rolessupporting

confidence: 52%

Changing Family Roles and Interactions

Szinovacz

1984

Marriage & Family Review

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“…This suggests that men are still influenced by differential socialization while the sex role attitudes observed for women appear to have been ideological; that is, they are not simply a product of women's structural circumstances and position within society, especially in view of the fact that their nontraditionalism seems to persist even when most structural variables are controlled. A different analysis of the data (see Tomeh, 1978) suggests that the moderate nontraditional characteristic of women is, in part, related to exposure to the women's movement and other nontraditional norms. The fact that more women tend to be nontraditional in their attitudes may mean it has become increasingly difficult for them to accept the traditional orientation regardless of their structural attributes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…What may be important, from the viewpoint of concept formation, is to assess men's and women's attitudes towards sex role orientation in terms of multiple dimensions (see Tomeh andStreet, 1979a, 1979b, for a methodological analysis of sex role orientation) which in turn have implications for multiple role playing depending on the dimension in question. From a social policy perspective the multidimensionality of sex role orientation has relevance to programs designed to increase egalitarianism in specific areas.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex Role Orientation and Structural Correlates

Tomeh

1979

The Sociological Quarterly

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This paper examines female and male sex role orientation, with emphasis on the structural correlates of sex role altitudes. Based on a random sample of college students, the data on roles of both sexes along four dimensions of sex role orientation reveal that women more than men are nontraditional in sex role ideologies. Structural characteristics such as socio-economic status of parents, demographic and family composition predict more of the variation in the sex role orientation of men than of women. For women, the processes through which attitudes emerge may be related to exposure to nontraditional standards and values rather than related to the effect of their structural characteristics while men are influenced by structural characteristics. These data suggest a role sharing model for women, where opportunities and responsibilities between the sexes are shared, but for men, the data support a degree of sex role differentiation.Several recent studies focused on the correlation between various social psychological traits, social characteristics, and sex role attitudes (Ferber and Huber, 1975;Mischel, 1974;Hesselbart, 1975;Steinmann and Fox, 1970;Sterrett and Bollman, 1970;Meier, 1972). These studies show that males and females differ in sex role attitudes, but the data seldom are analyzed with respect to specific dimensions of sex role orientation. The purpose of this study is to explore female and male attitudes about sex roles and to examine the factors which contribute to the variation in sex role orientation.Three features distinguish this study from others. The measures of sex role attitudes represent specific aspects of orientation intended to tap dimensions of attitudes relevant to behavior. The roles of both sexes as perceived by each sex are analyzed. And most importantly, the attitudinal items are presented in the nontraditional or neutral sense taking into account the presumable changing status of the sexes.There are two conceptualizations of the sex role attitude continuum. One strategy, rather popular until very recently, is to conceive of equality versus inequality, where the focus is generally on female roles (Meier, 1972;Lipman-Blumen, 1972;Bayer, 1975) because conceptualization of modernity refers to accepting women with men in the work sphere whereas at the other end of the continuum traditionalism places women in the home.The other strategy involves a continuum with dichotomous differentiation and typing of sex roles on the basis of sex at one axis and lack of such a distinction at the other end of the continuum (Rebecca et al., 1976;Brogan and Kutner, 1976;Lipman-Blumen, 1973;Chafe, 1972;Osmond and Martin, 1975;Brogan and Kutner, 1976). That conceptualization takes both sexes into account and is based on a sex role continuum involving lesser or greater degrees of sex differentiation and sex typing. Traditional sex roles arc defined as those based on polar dichot-01979 by The Sociological Quarterly. AH rights reserved.

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“…As crenças morais foram medidas pelos oito itens da Moral Traditionalism Scale (adaptada a partir de Conover & Feldman, 1985, in Knight, 1999. As crenças de orientação dos papéis de género foram avaliadas utilizando 12 itens revistos e adaptados (do conjunto inicial total de 24 itens originalmente utilizados por Tomeh, 1978). Todas estas medidas em escalas de 9 pontos (1=discordo totalmente a 9=concordo totalmente).…”

Section: Procedimentounclassified

A homofobia perspetivada à luz da abordagem da identidade social: Níveis de autodefinição identitária e atitude em relação a pessoas homossexuais

Gomes

2014

Análise Psicológica

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A abordagem da identidade social (cf. Turner & Reynolds, 2004) defende a existência de uma motivação-base para aquisição de uma identidade social positiva, que está na génese das estratégias de diferenciação intergrupal. Quando é contextualmente saliente o nível social da identidade, emergem tais processos grupais, nomeadamente a manifestação de comportamentos discriminatórios face a membros de exogrupos relevantes. É propósito deste estudo testar a relação entre os níveis de autodefinição e a atitude dirigida às pessoas homossexuais. Os 184 participantes responderam a várias medidas: valorização dos níveis pessoal e social de autodefinição (EIPS; Monteiro, Ribeiro, & Serôdio, 2009), medidas de atitudes em relação a pessoas homossexuais e de rejeição à proximidade com pessoas homossexuais (Pereira, Monteiro, & Camino, 2009). Os resultados mostraram que quando à forte valorização do nível pessoal de autodefinição se conjugou um contexto que focaliza na identidade pessoal, emergiram atitudes de diferenciação negativa face a pessoas homossexuais. Verificou-se também que os jovens focalizados na dimensão social da sua identidade reportaram atitudes mais favoráveis em relação a pessoas homossexuais, do que aqueles focalizados na dimensão pessoal, verificando-se padrão inverso entre os adultos. Discutimos em que medida este padrão indicia a emergência de uma norma de não-discriminação das pessoas homossexuais.Palavras-chave: Homofobia, Níveis de autodefinição da identidade, Atitudes e discriminação em relação a pessoas homossexuais.Em 1972 foi publicado o livro de Weinberg "Society and the Healthy Homosexual", onde foi introduzido o conceito de homofobia e em 1973 a homossexualidade foi removida do DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Estes dois acontecimentos tiveram importantes consequências na despatologização da homossexualidade e foram fundamentais para a investigação sobre as atitudes dos heterossexuais em relação às pessoas homossexuais (Herek, 1994).A homofobia foi definida por Herek (2000) como uma atitude negativa direcionada a uma pessoa resultante da sua orientação sexual e está, segundo Carneiro (2009), ao serviço de um sistema ideológico heterossexista, que dificulta a aceitação da diversidade sexual.Inquéritos realizados ao longo dos anos 70 e 80 mostraram que as atitudes em relação à homossexualidade se tornaram mais favoráveis (e.g., Yang, 1997), assistindo-se a uma crescente aceitação relativamente aos direitos civis fundamentais das pessoas homossexuais e também a uma crescente relutância em tolerar discriminação baseada na orientação sexual das pessoas. No 215A correspondência relativa a este artigo deverá ser enviada para: Irene Santos Gomes, FPCE, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto.

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Sex-Role Orientation: An Analysis of Structural and Attitudinal Predictors

Cited by 59 publications

References 23 publications

Changing Family Roles and Interactions

Changing Family Roles and Interactions

Sex Role Orientation and Structural Correlates

A homofobia perspetivada à luz da abordagem da identidade social: Níveis de autodefinição identitária e atitude em relação a pessoas homossexuais

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