Sex Reversal in Amphibians

Flament, Stéphane

doi:10.1159/000448797

Cited by 55 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 94 publications

(117 reference statements)

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“…For example, sexual development can be induced, even if the organism lacks the chromosomes normally associated with that sex (Capel 2017;Parma, Veyrunes, and Pailhoux 2016). Induction of a specific sexual phenotype can be achieved in the laboratory, either by changing the expression of sex-determining genes (Koopman et al 1991;Colvin et al 2001;Ventura et al 2012; or by administering hormones in the right developmental phase (Chew and Renfree 2016;Flament 2016;Olmstead and LeBlanc 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex biased expression and co-expression networks in development, using the hymenopteran Nasonia vitripennis

Rago

Werren

Colbourne

2019

Preprint

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Sexual dimorphism requires gene expression regulation in developing organisms. Differential expression, alternative splicing and transcript-transcript interactions all contribute to developmental differences between the sexes. However, few studies have described how these processes change across developmental stages, or how they interact to form co-expression networks. We compare the dynamics of all three regulatory processes in the sexual development of the model parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis, a system that permits genome wide analysis of sex bias from early embryos to adults. We find relatively little sex-bias in embryos and larvae at the whole-gene level, but several sub-networks show sex-biased transcript-transcript interactions in early developmental stages. These provide new candidates for hymenopteran sex determination, including histone modification genes. In contrast, sex-bias in pupae and adults is driven by wholegene differential expression. We observe sex-biased splicing consistently across development, but mostly in genes that are already biased at the whole-gene level. Finally, we discover that sex-biased networks are enriched by genes specific to the Nasonia clade, and that those genes possess the topological properties of key regulators. These findings suggest that regulators in sex-biased networks evolve more rapidly than regulators of other developmental networks.(Chang et al. 2011; Innocenti and Morrow 2010 but see Wang, Werren and Clark 2015). However, the focus on adult gene expression does not reveal sex differential processes during development, and several genes are sex-biased only during those early stages (Perry, Harrison, and Mank 2014;Mank et al. 2010;Zhao et al. 2011). Changes in sex-bias expression of the same gene across development are most likely to create conflict, since the same locus may be under selection for changes in female-specific and male-specific functions in different developmental stages -a scenario that we term 'developmental sexual conflict'. Several studies have also shown that alternative splicing can show sex-bias (Telonis-Scott et al. 2008;Hartmann et al. 2011; Brown et al. 2014), and that sex-biased splicing affects sex determination (Verhulst et al. 2013; Verhulst, Beukeboom, and van de Zande 2010) and sexual development (Chang et al. 2011).The co-expression of multiple genes can result in effects that are qualitatively and quantitatively different from the sum of the effects of each gene (Ament et al. 2012;Spitz and Furlong 2012;Boyle et al. 2014), and provides a largely unexplored mechanism for the regulation of sex-specific differences; the same group of genes can have identical expression levels in males and females, yet still cause a sex-specific effect if they are only co-expressed in one sex (Arnold, van Nas and Lusis 2009;). These interactions are therefore impossible to detect by independently testing transcripts, but can be identified via differential correlation analyses on transcriptional modules, or differential cluster correlations (Tesson...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex biased expression and co-expression networks in development, using the hymenopteran Nasonia vitripennis

Rago

Werren

Colbourne

2019

Preprint

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“…In the AR-KD ZW female gonads, the expression of genes required for masculinization was not up-regulated. These results indicate that AR together with androgens can be a male sex-determinant in an amphibian species [22,23].…”

Section: Model Of Zz/zw-sex Determined System and The Formation Of Thmentioning

confidence: 61%

Comparison of Sex Determination in Vertebrates (Nonmammals)

Smirnov¹,

Trukhina²

2020

Gene Expression and Phenotypic Traits

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The chapter is devoted to the consideration of sex determination in vertebrate groups of nonmammalians: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Attention is drawn to the fact that all these groups of animals, unlike mammals, are implemented hormonal control options for primary sex determination, and there is a possibility of sex reversion. Determination of gonadal development in vertebrates like testis or ovary was initially controlled mainly by sex hormones (fish and amphibians). Later, various sex determining genes were involved in this process. The system was quite plastic and was able to respond to changes in external conditions (reptiles). The appearance of heteromorphic sex chromosomes (birds) has led to the emergence of some specific W chromosomal signal, which provides estrogen control of the development of a heterogametic sex. In mammals, the control of the primary determination of sex (the appearance of the gonad) becomes purely genetic, and the role of sex hormones is reduced to the differentiation of testis or ovaries.

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“…Climate change can cause the loss of a sex chromosome and a transition to ESD. An increasing number of vertebrate species with sex chromosomes display sex reversal in response to high incubation temperatures, and this susceptibility may be a widespread trait in ectothermic, gonochoristic vertebrates (Baroiller & D’Cotta, ; Flament, ; Holleley et al, ). The conclusions apply analogously to polygenic taxa (multiple loci contributing quantitatively to sex; Beukeboom & Perrin, ) if there are some genetic combinations that are susceptible to sex reversal and others which are not (e.g., male signal curves that show continuous variation in height among individuals).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, in medaka fish, a copy of the DMRT1 gene on the Y chromosome triggers male development in XY individuals; however, high developmental temperatures induce expression of autosomal DMRT1 genes and lead to male development in XX individuals (Hattori et al, ; Matsuda et al, ; Nanda et al, ). Sex reversal owing to extreme temperatures or exposure to exogenous hormones has been demonstrated in captivity in an increasing number of vertebrate species, with many more species likely to be susceptible (Baroiller & D’Cotta, ; Devlin & Nagahama, ; Flament, ; Holleley, Sarre, O’Meally, & Georges, ; Senior & Nakagawa, ). Moreover, discordant animals have been caught in the wild in a handful of species (Baroiller & D’Cotta, ; Holleley et al, , ; Perrin, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change, sex reversal and lability of sex‐determining systems

Schwanz

Georges

Holleley

et al. 2020

J of Evolutionary Biology

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Sex reversal at high temperatures during embryonic development (e.g., ZZ females) provides the opportunity for new genotypic crosses (e.g., ZZ male × ZZ female). This raises the alarming possibility that climatic warming could lead to the loss of an entire chromosome—one member of the sex chromosome pair (the Y or W)—and the transition of populations to environmental sex determination (ESD). Here we examine the evolutionary dynamics of sex‐determining systems exposed to climatic warming using theoretical models. We found that the loss of sex chromosomes is not an inevitable consequence of sex reversal. A large frequency of ZZ sex reversal (50% reversal from male to female) typically divides the outcome between loss of the ZW genotype and the stable persistence of ZZ males, ZW females and ZZ females. The amount of warming associated with sex chromosome loss depended on several features of wild populations—environmental fluctuation, immigration, heritable variation in temperature sensitivity and differential fecundity of sex‐reversed individuals. Chromosome loss was partially or completely buffered when sex‐reversed individuals suffered a reproductive fitness cost, when immigration occurred or when heritable variation for temperature sensitivity existed. Thus, under certain circumstances, sex chromosomes may persist cryptically in systems where the environment is the predominant influence on sex.

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Sex Reversal in Amphibians

Cited by 55 publications

References 94 publications

Sex biased expression and co-expression networks in development, using the hymenopteran Nasonia vitripennis

Sex biased expression and co-expression networks in development, using the hymenopteran Nasonia vitripennis

Comparison of Sex Determination in Vertebrates (Nonmammals)

Climate change, sex reversal and lability of sex‐determining systems

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