Sex-related difference in human white matter volumes studied: Inspection of the corpus callosum and other white matter by VBM

Shiino, Akihiko; Chen, Yen‐Wei; Tanigaki, Kenji; Yamada, Atsushi; Vigers, Piers; Watanabe, Toshiyuki; Tooyama, Ikuo; Akiguchi, Ichiro

doi:10.1038/srep39818

Cited by 37 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Lower testosterone levels entail a larger corpus callosum which is assumed to be linked with feminization, and thus male homosexuality, in the CH. Consistent with this, women have a larger corpus callosum than men (Shiino et al, 2017 ), and there is evidence that right-handed homosexual men have a larger corpus callosum than right-handed heterosexual men (Witelson et al, 2008 ). Higher cord-blood testosterone concentrations (Hollier, Maybery, Keelan, Hickey, & Whitehouse, 2014 ) are further linked with stronger left-hemisphere lateralization of language among men.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Associations of Bisexuality and Homosexuality with Handedness and Footedness: A Latent Variable Analysis Approach

2018

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Non-right-handedness appears to be more common among bisexuals and homosexuals than among heterosexuals, which might be indirect evidence of effects of prenatal androgen exposure. Current data suggest higher prenatal testosterone levels among bisexual and homosexual women, but are inconclusive for men. This study examined the association between sexual orientation and non-right-handedness for sex differences and whether higher rates of mixed-handedness, rather than left-handedness, might be the driving factor. This allowed for more specific tests regarding the predictions of two competing theories of prenatal androgen exposure, the Geschwind–Galaburda theory and the callosal hypothesis, than in previous research. Being a potentially better indicator of cerebral lateralization than handedness, associations with footedness were also explored. To counter inconsistencies and shortcomings of previous research, we utilized two large discovery and replication datasets ( n s = 2368 and 1565) and applied latent variable analysis to reliably classify lateral preferences (i.e., handedness, footedness). This maximized the statistical conclusion validity and allowed for direct tests of replicability. Sexual orientation was differentially associated with lateral preferences among men and women. Associations among women were consistent with predictions of the Geschwind–Galaburda theory, whereas among men they were consistent with predictions of the callosal hypothesis. The results were further consistent with models of homosexuality that suggest a role of parental epigenetic marks on sexually dimorphic fetal development. Research efforts should be increased with regard to footedness and epigenetic theories of homosexuality.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Associations of Bisexuality and Homosexuality with Handedness and Footedness: A Latent Variable Analysis Approach

2018

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“…The discrepancies observed in CC size studies in ASD could be most likely due to the study design and the failure to control for known confounding factors such as gender and age [26] . Shiino et al [31] reported that the TCC volume in females were bigger than males in adults. In our study, we investigated the CC volumes in a group of toddlers, and focused on the differences between males and females.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Corpus Callosum Volumes in Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Gender-Associated Differences and Clinical Correlations

Zhang¹,

Qin²,

Wang³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Gender differences in clinical features is a prominent feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and the corpus callosum (CC) is the largest commissural tract connecting the left and right hemispheres associated with autism symptoms. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between gender-associated clinical features and CC size in children aged 2-4 years.Methods: A prospective study of 100 children aged 2-4 years, including 50 cases with ASD (ASD group) and 50 cases with typically developing (TD group) who were matched with equivalent samples of ASD, were recruited with assessments of demographic data (gender, age, and body mass index [BMI]), clinical features (full-scale/verbal/performance IQ, ADOS, and ADI-R), and CC size measured by Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging. SPSS version 22 was used to analyze the data.Results: The mid-posterior CC (MPCC), anterior-middle CC (AMCC), and total CC (TCC) volumes in ASD were higher than that in TD, and the significance these sub-regions volumes between ASD-Females and ASD-Males was existed in ASD group (all P < 0.05). Analogously, the mean of verbal IQ score in ASD-Males was significantly higher than in ASD-Females, but the scores of ADOS communication (AC) and ADOS total (AT) were lower in ASD-Males (all P < 0.05). AC and AT scores were significantly and positively related to MPCC, AMCC and TCC volumes (all P < 0.05), but verbal IQ score was significantly and negatively associated with MPCC, AMCC and TCC volumes (all P < 0.05). In ASD-Males and -Females, both AC and AT scores increase with the change of MPCC, AMCC and TCC volumes, but VIQ decline.Conclusion: The language ability, including communication and verbal IQ, of ASD aged 2-4 years old has gender differences, which may be related to the CC size, especially the MPCC and AMCC.

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“…The secretion of testosterone by males during an 8-week interval as a fetus and during the first 3 postnatal months has a profound effect on brain structure and function, genital anatomy, and other physical features (Amunts et al, 2007; Barth, Villringer, & Sacher, 2015; Keller & Menon, 2009; Koscik, O'Leary, Moser, Andreasen, & Nopoulos, 2008; Lombardo et al, 2012; Salinas et al, 2012; Shiino et al, 2017).…”

Section: Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinds of individuals defined by patterns of variables

Kagan

2018

Dev Psychopathol

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This paper argues that investigators should consider replacing the popular practice of comparing individuals varying in gender, social class, and/or ethnicity on one or more continuous measures with a search for kinds of individuals defined by patterns of properties that include not only their values on outcome measures but also their gender, social class, and ethnicity. Investigators who believe that a particular predictor contributes to an outcome independent of the gender, class, or ethnicity of the participants often implement statistical procedures that promise to remove the contributions of the above categories. These analyses lead to misleading conclusions when the controlled category is correlated with the dependent measures. The final sections summarize the properties of genders, classes, and ethnic groups that make distinctive contributions to many psychological outcomes. The paper ends by noting that a society's ethical beliefs constitute a defensible basis for ignoring the biological properties associated with these categories in order to allow members of these groups access to whatever educational or occupational goals they desire.

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Sex-related difference in human white matter volumes studied: Inspection of the corpus callosum and other white matter by VBM

Cited by 37 publications

References 39 publications

Associations of Bisexuality and Homosexuality with Handedness and Footedness: A Latent Variable Analysis Approach

Associations of Bisexuality and Homosexuality with Handedness and Footedness: A Latent Variable Analysis Approach

Corpus Callosum Volumes in Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Gender-Associated Differences and Clinical Correlations

Kinds of individuals defined by patterns of variables

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