Sex, MHC and complement C4 in autoimmune diseases

HLA class II, MICA and PRL gene polymorphisms: the common contribution to the systemic lupus erythematosus development in Czech population

“…The highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (HLA) which encoded the peptides class I and II for antigen and autoantigen presentation to CD8+ T and CD4+ T cells, respectively, is located within the SLE strongly susceptible region 6p22.3-21.1 [5,10]. HLA alleles frequency may vary among different population [11], are in linkage disequilibrium and may be predisposing markers for various autoimmune diseases [12]. SLE has been associated with extended HLA class I and II haplotypes: B*08 -DRB1*0301-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201 and DRB1*1501-DQA*0102-DQB1*0602 [13,14] in Caucasian population.…”

Spleen Cells Derived from Male Non-Obese Diabetic Mice Are Capable of Suppressing the Autoantigen-Specific Production of Interferon-γ of Female Cellsin Vitro

“…[2][3][4] The Th1 cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, for example, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, usually show profound improvement throughout pregnancy, especially during the third trimester, when estrogen and progesterone concentrations are highest. [1][2][3][4] Such sex hormones have also been found to promote the development of human Th2 cells, which can antagonize the progression of the Th1 responses. [1][2][3][4] This can explain why in both diseases the symptoms improve during pregnancy.…”

“…[1][2][3][4] Such sex hormones have also been found to promote the development of human Th2 cells, which can antagonize the progression of the Th1 responses. [1][2][3][4] This can explain why in both diseases the symptoms improve during pregnancy. Hence a great deal of attention has been focused on the role of sex hormones in directing the gender gap in the immune response, including autoimmunity, but the underlying mechanisms are not thoroughly known at present.…”

“…[1][2][3][4] Although the incidence of T cellmediated type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is similar in men and women, 2) non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, an animal model for spontaneous IDDM, also show a clear female predilection. To understand the overall mechanisms underlying the gender gap in autoimmunity, a great deal of attention has been focused on the enhanced or suppressive effects of sex hormones, mainly estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, on the development of autoimmune diseases, [1][2][3] but the precise reasons are not yet clear.…”

A review of the need and possible uses for genetically standardized Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in research

“…Mouse models have elucidated some of the genetic complexity regulating autoimmune diseases in humans. 23 In a study on Atlantic salmon, three half-sibling families with identical MHC were challenged with three different pathogens. 36 Mortality rates were 8 -27% for infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), 73 -84% for infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) and 83 -96% for furunculosis.…”