Sex linkage among genes controlling sexually selected traits

Reinhold, Klaus

doi:10.1007/s002650050508

Cited by 188 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Faster divergence of sex chromosomes relative to autosomes (Figure 2, Table 1) has been documented in a number of species, and is one factor that may contribute to the disproportionate role sex chromosomes play in adaptive divergence, particularly for traits associated with mate choice, reproductive isolation and speciation (Charlesworth et al, 1987;Dobzhansky, 1974;Coyne and Orr, 1989;Reinhold, 1998;Presgraves, 2002Presgraves, , 2008Qvarnström and Bailey, 2009) and may be further pronounced in organisms with female heterogamety (Iyengar et al, 2002;Mank et al, 2007;Ellegren, 2009a;Ellegren et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2014). Fast-Z is prevalent in most, if not all, birds examined in this manner Borge et al, 2005;Hogner et al, 2012;Ruegg et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Z chromosome divergence, polymorphism and relative effective population size in a genus of lekking birds

et al. 2015

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Sex chromosomes contribute disproportionately to species boundaries as they diverge faster than autosomes and often have reduced diversity. Their hemizygous nature contributes to faster divergence and reduced diversity, as do some types of selection. In birds, other factors (mating system and bottlenecks) can further decrease the effective population size of Z-linked loci and accelerate divergence (Fast-Z). We assessed Z-linked divergence and effective population sizes for two polygynous sage-grouse species and compared them to estimates from birds with various mating systems. We found lower diversity and higher F ST for Z-linked loci than for autosomes, as expected. The π Z /π A ratio was 0.38 in Centrocercus minimus, 0.48 in Centrocercus urophasianus and 0.59 in a diverged, parapatric population of C. urophasianus, a broad range given the mating system among these groups is presumably equivalent. The full data set had unequal males and females across groups, so we compared an equally balanced reduced set of C. minimus and individuals pooled from both C. urophasianus subgroups recovering similar estimates: 0.54 for C. urophasianus and 0.38 for C. minimus. We provide further evidence that N eZ /N eA in birds is often lower than expected under random mating or monogamy. The lower ratio in C. minimus could be a consequence of stronger selection or drift acting on Z loci during speciation, as this species differs strongly from C. urophasianus in sexually selected characters with minimal mitochondrial divergence. As C. minimus also exhibited lower genomic diversity, it is possible that a more severe demographic history may contribute to its lower ratio.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Z chromosome divergence, polymorphism and relative effective population size in a genus of lekking birds

et al. 2015

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“…If these regulatory modifiers are cis-acting (found within or close to the coding gene they regulate), they will also tend to accumulate on the X/Z chromosome. Evidence for disproportionate sex linkage of sexually selected traits within species is mixed (for example, Reinhold, 1998;Wolfenbarger and Wilkinson, 2001;Gleason et al, 2002;Lindholm and Breden, 2002;Fitzpatrick, 2004a;Huttunen et al, 2004). In Poecilid fishes male secondary sexual traits are typically sex-linked, although more often found on the Y only or both X and Y than on the X alone (Lindholm and Breden, 2002).…”

Section: Speciation and Sex-linked Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speciation through evolution of sex-linked genes

2008

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Identification of genes involved in reproductive isolation opens novel ways to investigate links between stages of the speciation process. Are the genes coding for ecological adaptations and sexual isolation the same that eventually lead to hybrid sterility and inviability? We review the role of sex-linked genes at different stages of speciation based on four main differences between sex chromosomes and autosomes; (1) relative speed of evolution, (2) non-random accumulation of genes, (3) exposure of incompatible recessive genes in hybrids and (4) recombination rate. At early stages of population divergence ecological differences appear mainly determined by autosomal genes, but fastevolving sex-linked genes are likely to play an important role for the evolution of sexual isolation by coding for traits with sex-specific fitness effects (for example, primary and secondary sexual traits). Empirical evidence supports this expectation but mainly in female-heterogametic taxa. By contrast, there is clear evidence for both strong X-and Z-linkage of hybrid sterility and inviability at later stages of speciation. Hence genes coding for sexual isolation traits are more likely to eventually cause hybrid sterility when they are sex-linked. We conclude that the link between sexual isolation and evolution of hybrid sterility is more intuitive in male-heterogametic taxa because recessive sexually antagonistic genes are expected to quickly accumulate on the X-chromosome. However, the broader range of sexual traits that are expected to accumulate on the Z-chromosome may facilitate adaptive speciation in female-heterogametic species by allowing male signals and female preferences to remain in linkage disequilibrium despite periods of gene flow.

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“…Coding for sex-limited traits should thus be found disproportionately on sex chromosomes. Empirically, X-chromosomal loci in insects and mammals a¡ect sexually selected traits disproportionately strongly relative to non-sexually selected traits (Reinhold 1998), and mammalian Y chromosomes code predominantly for characteristics directly related to sperm production and sexual di¡erentiation (Lahn & Page 1997;Roldan & Gomendio 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testosterone-induced male traits in female ruffs ( Philomachus pugnax ): autosomal inheritance and gender differentiation

Lank

Coupe

Wynne‐Edwards

1999

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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A balanced polymorphism in male mating behaviour exists in male ru¡s, with no obvious parallel expression in females. Pedigree data of male phenotypes support an autosomal model of inheritance, in contrast to sexlinked inheritance patterns found in other taxa with sex-limited alternative mating strategy polymorphisms. We tested this model by inducing male courtship behaviour in gonad-intact female ru¡s, using subcutaneous testosterone implants that produced physiological concentrations of testosterone. The implants rapidly induced in females both types of male mating behaviour, an increase in body mass typical of pre-breeding males, and the growth of normally male-limited breeding plumage. As predicted under an autosomal model, the distributions of induced male behaviour types in females paralleled those of their brothers and halfbrothers, and were inconsistent with sex-linked models. E¡ects were reversible, and experimental females bred normally in subsequent years. Our results show that genotype-speci¢c male characteristics can be induced by testosterone in female adults that have presumably not undergone neural organization for them early in life, showing direct use of genetic information in intra-and intersexual di¡erentiation.

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Sex linkage among genes controlling sexually selected traits

Cited by 188 publications

References 82 publications

Z chromosome divergence, polymorphism and relative effective population size in a genus of lekking birds

Z chromosome divergence, polymorphism and relative effective population size in a genus of lekking birds

Speciation through evolution of sex-linked genes

Testosterone-induced male traits in female ruffs ( Philomachus pugnax ): autosomal inheritance and gender differentiation

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