Sex-limited chromosomes and non-reproductive traits

Cīrulis, Aivars; Hansson, Bengt; Abbott, Jessica K.

doi:10.1186/s12915-022-01357-5

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 222 publications

(196 reference statements)

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“…Given the sex-limited inheritance pattern of Y and W chromosomes, theory predicts that they should be subject to sex-specific selection and accumulate genes with sexspecific functions [Rice, 1984]. Indeed, the Y chromosome in many species is enriched with genes predominantly expressed in testes that function in spermatogenesis [Bachtrog, 2013;Subrini and Turner, 2021], although there is a growing awareness of its role in non-reproductive traits [Cīrulis et al, 2022]. It follows that we might expect the W to be subject to female-specific selection to retain genes with female fitness benefits.…”

Section: Is the Avian W Chromosome Selected For Female-specific Funct...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fourth Report on Chicken Genes and Chromosomes 2022

Smith¹,

Alfieri²,

Anthony³

et al. 2022

Cytogenet Genome Res

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Section: Is the Avian W Chromosome Selected For Female-specific Funct...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fourth Report on Chicken Genes and Chromosomes 2022

Smith¹,

Alfieri²,

Anthony³

et al. 2022

Cytogenet Genome Res

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show abstract

“…cloning of the DNA) to organizing the DNA into units such as chromosomes was a complex process that was required as organisms became more complex, but also encouraged generation of biodiversity and enhanced ability of subsets of such organisms to survive exposure to stressors. The evolution of sex chromosomes to accommodate successful reproduction is believed to have originated from a pair of autosomes which then differentiated as sex-determining chromosomes [discussed in [4]]. This process may have occurred several times during evolution [5,6].…”

Section: The Fundamentals Of Biological Sexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Determination in Homo sapiens as a Multi-Step Process: Potential for Development of Variants and Sex Differences in Disease Risk

A. Hart

2024

JBiSE

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Reproduction via cis-binary mechanisms appears to have evolved fairly early in the evolution of complex organisms, and a system committed to prior to evolution of humans. While the evolution of a chromosomal-specific approach has been a successful strategy for survival of a large variety of species including humans, the fidelity of sex determination leading to 100% cis-binary outcomes is not achieved in many species, with evidence for homosexual or bisexual behaviour evident in more than 1500 species. Thus, such outcomes indicates that sex determination is a multi-step process and not a single event, and as such, could lead to the appearance of variants during the process which developed much earlier than humans. Variants could arise either due to intrinsic variation in the steps of determination, or also be influenced by environmental factors of a biological or psychological nature. In contrast to homosexual variants which do not require interventions such as hormone therapy or surgery, expression of gender dysphoria, is more based in psychology, but also has biological underpinnings and can be influenced by such hormonal interventions and surgery. While the numbers of those with gender dysphoria is small (~0.6% -1.0% of population), the attention given to this issue raises the possibility of biological and psychological environmental factors impacting the emergence of some of those expressing gender dysphoria. Furthermore, transitioning from male-to-female or female-to-male can have consequences regarding disease risks latter in life, including the appearance of autoimmune diseases. This review will attempt to review some of the evidence regarding sex determination, discuss why the system has potentially not been improved upon during evolution, how a potential role for sex chromosome function on neurodevelopment may be central to variation in humans,

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“…Y linked genes show typically testis specific expression, for example ( Skaletsky et al 2003 ; Hughes et al 2012 ; Soh et al 2014 ; Peichel et al 2020 ), which suggests they are associated with male primary reproductive functions. But recently, heteromorphic Y chromosomes have also been shown to affect sexually dimorphic, nonreproductive traits in humans ( Prokop and Deschepper 2015 ), drosophila ( Nielsen et al 2023 ), fish ( Lampert et al 2010 ; Sandkam et al 2021 ; Singh et al 2023 ), and seed beetles ( Kaufmann et al 2021 ), suggesting a wider role in nonsexual traits than previously appreciated ( Cīrulis et al 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Y-Linked Copy Number Polymorphism of Target of Rapamycin Is Associated with Sexual Size Dimorphism in Seed Beetles

Kaufmann

Wiberg

Papachristos

et al. 2023

Molecular Biology and Evolution

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The Y chromosome is theorized to facilitate evolution of sexual dimorphism by accumulating sexually antagonistic loci, but empirical support is scarce. Due to the lack of recombination Y chromosomes are prone to degenerative processes, which poses a constraint on their adaptive potential. Yet, in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus segregating Y linked variation affects male body size and thereby sexual size dimorphism (SSD). Here we assemble C. maculatus sex chromosome sequences and identify molecular differences associated with Y-linked SSD variation. The assembled Y chromosome is largely euchromatic and contains over 400 genes, many of which are ampliconic with a mixed autosomal and X chromosome ancestry. Functional annotation suggests that the Y chromosome plays important roles in males beyond primary reproductive functions. Crucially, we find that, besides an autosomal copy of the gene target of rapamycin (TOR), males carry an additional TOR copy on the Y chromosome. TOR is a conserved regulator of growth across taxa, and our results suggest that a Y-linked TOR provides a male specific opportunity to alter body size. A comparison of Y haplotypes associated with male size difference uncovers a copy number variation for TOR, where the haplotype associated with decreased male size, and thereby increased sexual dimorphism, has two additional TOR copies. This suggests that sexual conflict over growth has been mitigated by autosome to Y translocation of TOR followed by gene duplications. Our results reveal that despite of suppressed recombination, the Y chromosome can harbour adaptive potential as a male-limited supergene.

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Sex-limited chromosomes and non-reproductive traits

Cited by 4 publications

References 222 publications

Fourth Report on Chicken Genes and Chromosomes 2022

Fourth Report on Chicken Genes and Chromosomes 2022

Sex Determination in Homo sapiens as a Multi-Step Process: Potential for Development of Variants and Sex Differences in Disease Risk

Y-Linked Copy Number Polymorphism of Target of Rapamycin Is Associated with Sexual Size Dimorphism in Seed Beetles

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