Sex Hormones, Gonad Size, and Metabolic Profile in Adolescent Girls Born Small for Gestational Age with Catch-up Growth

Petraitienė, Indrė; Valūnienė, Margarita; Jarienė, Kristina; Šeibokaitė, Audronė; Albertsson‐Wikland, Kerstin; Verkauskienė, Rasa

doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2019.11.001

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), androstenedione, inhibin B, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone concentrations were similar in both groups ( 61 ), but girls born SGA had increased estradiol and stimulated estradiol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations ( 52 ). Consistent with a PCOS risk, serum SHBG concentrations were lower, and testosterone concentrations higher in girls born SGA who had experienced catch-up in weight, but LH, FSH and estradiol concentrations were similar in adolescent girls born SGA and those born AGA ( 53 ). Short pubertal SGA boys and age-matched AGA boys had similar inhibin B and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) concentrations ( 62 ).…”

Section: Consequences Of Being Born Sgamentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Puberty starts slightly early but within the normal age range depending on ethnicity ( 50 , 54 , 55 ). Age at menarche is on average 5 to 6 months earlier and pubertal progression is on average slightly faster ( 50 , 51 , 53 , 54 ). The slightly younger age at onset of puberty and accelerated tempo is often disadvantageous for adult stature ( 50 , 51 ).…”

Section: Consequences Of Being Born Sgamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pubic hair, axillary hair, or apocrine odor at the onset of puberty were similar in matched healthy girls either born SGA or AGA ( 52 , 54 ). However, uterine and ovarian volumes may not be similar in adolescence and have been described as smaller in girls born SGA compared with girls born AGA ( 53 , 60 ). Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), androstenedione, inhibin B, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone concentrations were similar in both groups ( 61 ), but girls born SGA had increased estradiol and stimulated estradiol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations ( 52 ).…”

Section: Consequences Of Being Born Sgamentioning

confidence: 99%

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International Consensus Guideline on Small for Gestational Age: Etiology and Management From Infancy to Early Adulthood

et al. 2023

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This International Consensus Guideline was developed by experts in the field of SGA of 10 pediatric endocrine societies worldwide. A consensus meeting was held and 1300 articles formed the basis for discussions. All experts voted about the strengths of the recommendations. The guideline gives new and clinically relevant insights into the etiology of short stature after SGA birth, including novel knowledge about (epi)genetic causes. Besides, it presents long-term consequences of SGA birth and new treatment options, including treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) in addition to growth hormone (GH) treatment, and the metabolic and cardiovascular health of young adults born SGA after cessation of childhood-GH-treatment in comparison with appropriate control groups. To diagnose SGA, accurate anthropometry and use of national growth charts are recommended. Follow-up in early life is warranted and neurodevelopment evaluation in those at risk. Excessive postnatal weight gain should be avoided, as this is associated with an unfavorable cardio-metabolic health profile in adulthood. Children born SGA with persistent short stature < -2.5 SDS at age 2 years or < -2 SDS at age of 3-4 years, should be referred for diagnostic work-up. In case of dysmorphic features, major malformations, microcephaly, developmental delay, intellectual disability and/or signs of skeletal dysplasia, genetic testing should be considered. Treatment with 0.033–0.067 mg GH/kg/day is recommended in case of persistent short stature at age of 3-4 years. Adding GnRHa treatment could be considered when short adult height is expected at pubertal onset. All young adults born SGA require counseling to adopt a healthy lifestyle.

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Section: Consequences Of Being Born Sgamentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Consequences Of Being Born Sgamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Consequences Of Being Born Sgamentioning

confidence: 99%

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International Consensus Guideline on Small for Gestational Age: Etiology and Management From Infancy to Early Adulthood

et al. 2023

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“…The association between lower BW and hyperandrogenism has been confirmed by almost all published evidence. Petraitiene et al (2020) and Ruder et al (2011) stated that small for gestational age or reduced BW girls demonstrated lower SHBG levels (p < 0.05) but higher concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone (T) (p < 0.05), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and free androgen index (p < 0.01). Some studies showed that premature adrenarche results in an increased insulin response and hyperandrogenism in later adulthood (Szathmári et al, 2001;Schulte et al, 2016;Novello and Speiser, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Causal Evidence of Birth Weight and Female-Related Traits and Diseases: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Analysis

et al. 2022

Front. Genet.

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Objectives: A large meta-analysis indicated a more pronounced association between lower birth weight (BW) and diseases in women but less concern about the causality between BW and female-related phenotypes and diseases.Methods: Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to estimate the causal relationship between two traits or diseases using summary datasets from genome-wide association studies. Exposure instrumental variables are variants that are strongly associated with traits and are tested using four different statistical methods, including the inverse variance weighting, MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode in MR analysis. Next, sensitivity analysis and horizontal pleiotropy were assessed using leave-one-out and MR-PRESSO packages.Results: The body mass index (BMI) in adulthood was determined by BW (corrected β = 0.071, p = 3.19E-03). Lower BW could decrease the adult sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) level (β = −0.081, p = 2.08E-06), but it resulted in increased levels of bioavailable testosterone (bio-T) (β = 0.105, p = 1.25E-05). A potential inverse effect was observed between BW and menarche (corrected β = −0.048, p = 4.75E-03), and no causal association was confirmed between BW and the risk of endometriosis, leiomyoma, and polycystic ovary syndrome.Conclusion: Our results suggest that BW may play an important role and demonstrates a significant direct influence on female BMI, SHBG and bio-T levels, and menarche.

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“…In humans, early-life exposure to an adverse nutritional environment, including maternal obesity, can result in impaired reproductive health (Jazwiec and Sloboda, 2019); teenage mothers are more likely to be disadvantaged (Meade et al, 2008;Kahn and Anderson, 1992) and to have smaller infants (Scholl and Hediger, 1993;Kaplanoglu et al, 2015), potentially resulting in daughters having smaller ovaries and higher levels of follicle stimulating hormone (Iba ´ñez et al, 2000;Petraitiene et al, 2020). These factors may partly explain the lower fecundability among daughters of younger mothers, although our estimates for daughters of mothers < 20 years were virtually unchanged in models including surrogate measures of early-life nutrition and adversity (birth weight <6lbs parental education, participant's age at menarche, and BMI at 17 years) and only slightly attenuated when we further added well-established determinants of fecundability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal age at birth and daughter’s fecundability

et al. 2021

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STUDY QUESTION Do daughters of older mothers have lower fecundability? SUMMARY ANSWER In this cohort study of North American pregnancy planners, there was virtually no association between maternal age ≥35 years and daughters’ fecundability. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Despite suggestive evidence that daughters of older mothers may have lower fertility, only three retrospective studies have examined the association between maternal age and daughter’s fecundability. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Prospective cohort study of 6689 pregnancy planners enrolled between March 2016 and January 2020. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Pregnancy Study Online (PRESTO) is an ongoing pre-conception cohort study of pregnancy planners (age, 21-45 years) from the USA and Canada. We estimated fecundability ratios (FR) for maternal age at the participant’s birth using multivariable proportional probabilities regression models. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Daughters of mothers ≥30 years were less likely to have previous pregnancies (or pregnancy attempts) or risk factors for infertility, although they were more likely to report that their mother had experienced problems conceiving. The proportion of participants with prior unplanned pregnancies, a birth before age 21, ≥3 cycles of attempt at study entry or no follow-up was greater among daughters of mothers <25 years. Compared with maternal age 25–29 years, FRs (95% CI) for maternal age <20, 20–24, 30–34, and ≥35 were 0.72 (0.61, 0.84), 0.92 (0.85, 1.00), 1.08 (1.00, 1.17), and 1.00 (0.89, 1.12), respectively. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Although the examined covariates did not meaningfully affect the associations, we had limited information on the participants’ mother. Differences by maternal age in reproductive history, infertility risk factors and loss to follow-up suggest that selection bias may partly explain our results. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our finding that maternal age 35 years or older was not associated with daughter’s fecundability is reassuring, considering the trend towards delayed childbirth. However, having been born to a young mother may be a marker of low fecundability among pregnancy planners. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) PRESTO was funded by NICHD Grants (R21-HD072326 and R01-HD086742) and has received in-kind donations from Swiss Precision Diagnostics, FertilityFriend.com, Kindara.com, and Sandstone Diagnostics. Dr Wise is a fibroid consultant for AbbVie, Inc. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER n/a

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Sex Hormones, Gonad Size, and Metabolic Profile in Adolescent Girls Born Small for Gestational Age with Catch-up Growth

Cited by 7 publications

References 65 publications

International Consensus Guideline on Small for Gestational Age: Etiology and Management From Infancy to Early Adulthood

International Consensus Guideline on Small for Gestational Age: Etiology and Management From Infancy to Early Adulthood

The Causal Evidence of Birth Weight and Female-Related Traits and Diseases: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Analysis

Maternal age at birth and daughter’s fecundability

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