Sex Hormones and Immunity to Infection

Klein, Sabra L.; Roberts, Craig W.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02155-8

Cited by 65 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…Sex steroids affect the functioning of immune cells by binding to cytoplasmic receptors and interacting with nuclear hormone response elements (HRE) (100). Many genes involved in antiviral immunity, like IFNG and IRF5, possess estrogen response elements (63,101,102), and sex steroid mediated activation of HREs can directly result in increased cytokine and chemokine production (100). Expression of immune-regulatory miRNAs also can be under hormonal control (103).…”

Section: Sex Steroids Directly Affect Immunity To Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Immunity to Viral Infections

2021

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The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has increased awareness about sex-specific differences in immunity and outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Strong evidence of a male bias in COVID-19 disease severity is hypothesized to be mediated by sex differential immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. This hypothesis is based on data from other viral infections, including influenza viruses, HIV, hepatitis viruses, and others that have demonstrated sex-specific immunity to viral infections. Although males are more susceptible to most viral infections, females possess immunological features that render them more vulnerable to distinct immune-related disease outcomes. Both sex chromosome complement and related genes as well as sex steroids play important roles in mediating the development of sex differences in immunity to viral infections.

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Section: Sex Steroids Directly Affect Immunity To Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Immunity to Viral Infections

2021

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“…45 Differences in male and female susceptibility and response to viral infections lead to gender/sex-dependent differences in incidence and disease severity. 48 Previous clinical studies have shown that women are less susceptible to acquire viral infections and have a reduced cytokine production and that female patient tend to have a higher macrophage and neutrophil activity as well as antibody production and response. 49 For infectious diseases caused by viruses, there are numerous and diverse ways in which sex/gender can impact differential susceptibility between males and females.…”

Section: Aging and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D and COVID‐19: Role of ACE2, age, gender, and ethnicity

Getachew

Tizabi

2021

Journal of Medical Virology

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) virus, disproportionally targets older people, particularly men, ethnic minorities, and individuals with underlying diseases such as compromised immune system, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The discrepancy in COVID‐19 incidence and severity is multifaceted and likely involves biological, social, as well as nutritional status. Vitamin D deficiency, notably common in Black and Brown people and elderly, is associated with an increased susceptibility to many of the diseases comorbid with COVID‐19. Vitamin D deficiency can cause over‐activation of the pulmonary renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) leading to the respiratory syndrome. RAS is regulated in part at least by angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which also acts as a primary receptor for SARS‐CoV‐2 entry into the cells. Hence, vitamin D deficiency can exacerbate COVID‐19, via its effects on ACE2. In this review we focus on influence of age, gender, and ethnicity on vitamin D‐ACE2 interaction and susceptibility to COVID‐19.

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“…The international literature [11][12][13] has already shown greater intensity and e cacy in the immune response in females, against pathogens, in developing autoimmune diseases and at responding to different vaccine agents (immune response and post-vaccine adverse events) [14][15][16][17][18] . As IBGE data, based on the population estimate for 2020, the population projected for females (108,228,003) is higher than for males (103,527,689).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The international literature has already evidenced the existence of a difference not only genetic between the sexes, but hormonal and immune in the response to infectious pathogens, vaccines and autoimmune diseases [11][12][13] . Both sexes have the same cells, however, the innate humonal immunological response and mediated cell is different between the sexes, with different responses to the same stimuli (both pathogenic and vaccine), caused mainly by the interactions of sex hormones to the immune system, and by the speci c genetic determinants for each sex [14][15][16][17][18] (besides the socio-cultural-economic determinants that also interfere in the individual response to infections).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunopreventable Diseases: Differences Between Genders in Brazil

Costa¹,

Hyeda²,

Maluf³

2021

Preprint

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Background: Immunopreventable diseases are a public health reality in Brazil and worldwide. The international literature defined that there is difference between sexes at the answer to the infectious diseases. Methods: A population, observational, descriptive, retrospective study was conducted with secondary information from DATASUS to discriminate the hospitalizations associated with immunopreventable diseases in Brazil and their care costs, within the scope of the SUS, between 2008 and 2018, differentiating the data by gender. Results: A total of 457,479 hospitalizations were evaluated, totaling a direct cost of R$389,243,264.85, 53.17% in males and 46.83% in the female group (p-value 0.036). The trend analysis showed 6 diseases in decreasing situation (with statistical significance) and 4 in stationary tendency in the number of hospitalizations in the analyzed period. The direct costs of these hospitalizations were predominantly stationary for both sexes.Conclusions: the number of hospitalizations varied during the period analyzed, however the care costs of immunopreventable diseases hospitalizations remained high, regardless of gender.

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Sex Hormones and Immunity to Infection

Cited by 65 publications

References 12 publications

Sex Differences in Immunity to Viral Infections

Sex Differences in Immunity to Viral Infections

Vitamin D and COVID‐19: Role of ACE2, age, gender, and ethnicity

Immunopreventable Diseases: Differences Between Genders in Brazil

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