Sex Hormones and Immune Function

McCruden, Alan B.; Stimson, W. H.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-043780-1.50021-x

Cited by 45 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…On the contrary, following the intense exercise there was an enhanced inflammatory status which lasted at least 24 h, because there was a decrease in the concentration of the anti-inflammatory IL-4 in parallel with an increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-␥ and IL-1 ␤ (which remained high after 24 h) as well as an increase in IL-12 after 24 h. E, oestradiol, and progesterone may be involved in this greater inflammatory response after the intense exercise, since their concentrations only changed in that group, not in the moderate exercise group. Our results may also confirm the pro-inflammatory role of catecholamines [3,21] and oestrogens [25] , as well as the anti-inflammatory role of progesterone [26,27] at physiological concentrations, which has particular relevance during the performance of exercise by women. Several studies have reported in- creased IL-6 concentrations after exercise in both trained and active women [28][29][30] and in untrained men [30,31] .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Exercise Intensity-Dependent Changes in the Inflammatory Response in Sedentary Women: Role of Neuroendocrine Parameters in the Neutrophil Phagocytic Process and the Pro-/Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Balance

Giraldo

Garcı́a

Hinchado

et al. 2009

Neuroimmunomodulation

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Background: It is still not really known what is the optimal level of exercise that improves, but does not impair or overstimulate the innate immune function. This is especially the case in women, who have higher basal levels of ‘inflammatory markers’ than men. The aim of this work was to evaluate differences in the magnitude of the stimulation of the innate/inflammatory response following a single bout of moderate or intense exercise in sedentary women, all of them in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Changes in stress and sexual hormones were also evaluated. Methods: Changes induced by exercise (45 min at 55% VO₂ max vs. 1 h at 70% VO₂ max on a cycle ergometer) in the phagocytic process (chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbicide capacity against Candida albicans) and in serum concentrations of IL-1β, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-6, and IL-4 (ELISA) were evaluated. Parallel determinations were also made of serum or plasma concentrations of catecholamines (HPLC) and cortisol, oestradiol, and progesterone (electrochemiluminescence immunoassay). Results: Both exercise intensities increased chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbicide capacity of the neutrophils. However, the increase in chemotaxis was greater after moderate exercise. All the cytokines assayed were affected by exercise intensity. IFN-γ increased significantly only immediately after the intense exercise; IL-1β increased following both exercise intensities, although at 24 h it only remained elevated after the intense exercise; IL-12 only increased 24 h after the intense exercise, and IL-2 only showed a significant decrease following the moderate exercise. IL-6 increased immediately after both exercise intensities, but more so after moderate exercise. While IL-4 (an anti-inflammatory cytokine) increased following the moderate exercise, it decreased after the intense exercise. Both moderate and intense exercise increased norepinephrine and decreased cortisol, both of which returned to basal levels after 24 h. Only the intense exercise affected the epinephrine, oestradiol, and progesterone concentrations, with increases in epinephrine and oestradiol immediately after exercise, and a decrease in progesterone after 24 h. Conclusions: Both moderate and intense exercise stimulate the phagocytic process of neutrophils in sedentary women, but the profile of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine release seems to be better following the moderate exercise. The possible participation of stress (catecholamines and cortisol) and sex (oestradiol and progesterone) hormones in these intensity-dependent immune changes is discussed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Exercise Intensity-Dependent Changes in the Inflammatory Response in Sedentary Women: Role of Neuroendocrine Parameters in the Neutrophil Phagocytic Process and the Pro-/Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Balance

Giraldo

Garcı́a

Hinchado

et al. 2009

Neuroimmunomodulation

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“…Contributing to the effects o f genotype on patterns o f im mune reactivity is the sex of the subject, since females have been shown to have greater immunoreactivity and suscepti bility to autoimmune disease [40,113]. One recent study [114] found that the suppressive effect o f restraint on the in cidence of experimentally induced autoimmune encepha lomyelitis was more pronounced in female than in male Le wis rats.…”

Section: Characteristics O F the Experimental Subjectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stressor-lnduced Alterations of Immune Function: Mechanisms and Issues

Kusnecov

Rabin²

1994

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

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This paper reviews the role of catecholamines and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system in the mediation of stress-induced immune changes in both human and animal subjects. There is evidence to support the importance of these factors in mediating stressor effects on certain immune parameters, but further research is needed to define the specific circumstances in which they are relevant. Therefore, discussion of such issues as sex, genotype, stress history, environment, and stressor characteristics is provided to suggest possible ways to increase our understanding of stressor effects on immune function. Since the imposition of a stressor disrupts physiological homeostasis, understanding the capacity of the immune system to function under such conditions is of prime importance in predicting disease onset and outcome.

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“…Lower inflammatory responses have been associated with faster wound healing 26,27 and inflammation appears to be substantially reduced in mucosal wounds as compared with dermal wounds, 23,28 possibly explaining why mucosal wounds heal more rapidly. 23,28 Given that testosterone has potent anti-inflammatory qualities 29,30 and is abundant in saliva and other mucosal fluids, 31 testosterone is a putative mechanism for explaining the faster healing of mucosal wounds observed in men in this study.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosal Wound Healing

et al. 2006

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It remains unclear whether aging delays wound healing, as past human studies have not adequately controlled for confounding factors such as morbidity and medications. Furthermore, although dermal wounds heal more quickly in women than in men, clinical observations suggest that the opposite may be true for mucosal healing. We assessed age and sex differences in mucosal wound healing, and we hypothesized that aging delays healing and sex modulates healing independent of age. Design and Setting: Clinical experimental study performed from June 2000 to August 2003 involving younger and older adult volunteers from the general community. Participants: Two hundred twelve male and female volunteers aged 18 to 35 years (n = 119) or 50 to 88 years (n=93).Intervention: Standardized 3.5-mm circular wounds were placed on the oral hard palates of volunteers.Main Outcome Measure: Wound videographs were taken daily for 7 days after wounding to assess wound closure.Results: Wounds healed significantly more slowly in older adults compared with younger adults (PϽ.001) regardless of sex. This remained true even when individuals receiving medication and/or having a coexisting medical condition were excluded. Mucosal wounds healed more slowly in women than in men (P =.008) regardless of age. These effects were independent of demographic factors such as ethnicity, alcohol or nicotine use, or body mass index.Conclusions: Wound closure in older individuals was clearly delayed even when eliminating potential agerelated confounds, indicating that aging does slow wound healing. Wound closure in women was also delayed, suggesting that wound healing is modulated by different mechanisms depending on tissue type. These findings may help target patients with increased surgical risks and greater need for postsurgical care.

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Sex Hormones and Immune Function

Cited by 45 publications

References 0 publications

Exercise Intensity-Dependent Changes in the Inflammatory Response in Sedentary Women: Role of Neuroendocrine Parameters in the Neutrophil Phagocytic Process and the Pro-/Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Balance

Exercise Intensity-Dependent Changes in the Inflammatory Response in Sedentary Women: Role of Neuroendocrine Parameters in the Neutrophil Phagocytic Process and the Pro-/Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Balance

Stressor-lnduced Alterations of Immune Function: Mechanisms and Issues

Mucosal Wound Healing

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