Sex hormone secretion by the adrenal cortex

Howard, Evelyn; Migeon, Claude J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-88385-9_5

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 255 publications

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“…Distinct from the fetal zone is the juxtamedullary X-zone of mice which disappears in males at puberty and in females during the first pregnancy. Castration induces an X-zone in male mice, voles, hamsters and cats and enlargement of the cortex without stratification in rats (Howard & Migeon, 1962).…”

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confidence: 98%

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Sexual Dimorphism in Mammals

Glücksmann

1974

Biological Reviews

132

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Summary 1. Life expectancy and mortality rates from diseases arising in various organs vary with sex because of differential exposure to external hazards and because of essential differences between males and females in aspects not directly connected with reproduction. This review attempts to collate data about the structural and functional dimorphism of mammals exclusive of the genital organs and psychological aspects. 2. The primary sex ratio is not certain and like the secondary and tertiary may vary with species. In many mammals more males are aborted and born than females. Later a higher mortality of males, due to sex‐linked congenital diseases and greater exposure to external hazards, shifts the balance in favour of females at the time of sexual maturity. The average life span of females is longer than that of males, except in hamsters and in inbred strains of mice with a high incidence of mammary tumours. 3. Chromosomes as well as gonadal hormones are responsible for the development of male and female characteristics. The Y‐chromosome initiates the differentiation of the testis, but gonadal hormones control the subsequent differentiation of the genital tract and other organs. In embryos the testicular secretion precedes that of the ovary. The Y‐chromosome is devoid of, but the X‐chromosome retains structural genes. The random heterochromatization of a paternal or a maternal X‐chromosome in the somatic cells of female embryos equalizes the genetic information for both sexes and produces a mosaicism of female somatic cells except in the kangaroo where the paternal X‐chromosome is selectively inactivated. Deficient genes on the X‐chromosome become manifest in hemizygous males, in homozygous females and can be detected in heterozygous women in half of the somatic cell population in some conditions. 4. The testis grows faster than the ovary and starts to secrete earlier, but the maturation of female gonocytes precedes that of males. Spermatogenesis starts at puberty and is maintained throughout life, while multiplication of oogonia ceases in the perinatal period (except in lemurs), when the stage of the first meiotic division is reached. The stock of oocytes dwindles during life. 5. In many mammals the male grows faster than the female before and after birth, but is less mature. Puberty tends to start earlier in females and the associated growth spurt does not last as long as in males. Testosterone has a direct anabolic effect, promotes growth and delays differentiation. Oestrogens are considered katabolic, but promote growth indirectly by stimulating the production of growth hormone in the pituitary. Progesterone has an anabolic and slight androgenic effect. 6. A female pattern of differentiation of the hypothalamus, the pituitary and the pineal gland, manifested at puberty by cyclical activities of the reproductive organs requires the absence of androgens during a critical phase of ante‐ or perinatal development. Oestrogens given to males at that period produce effects similar to castration. Antiandrogens ind...

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confidence: 98%

“…This difference is abolished by spaying and restored by oestrogens (Turner, 1966). The daily output of androgens by the female adrenal is only a third of that of the male (Turner, 1966) and only small amounts of oestrogens are produced (Howard & Migeon, 1962).…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Dimorphism in Mammals

Glücksmann

1974

Biological Reviews

132

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“…Their excessive secretion caused by aberrations in adrenal steroid metabolism and by adrenal tumours in human patients has been extensively studied (for reviews see Dorfman & Shipley, 1956;Short, 1960;Howard & Migeon, 1962). Little is known, however, about the physiological aspects of adrenal androgen secretion, e.g.…”

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confidence: 98%

Adrenal Secretion Rates of C-19 and C-21 Steroids Before and After Hypophysectomy in the Pig and the Dog

Heap¹,

Holzbauer²,

Newport³

1966

Journal of Endocrinology

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1) The adrenal secretion of androgens and of some intermediates of corticosteroid biosynthesis have been studied in immature pigs and adult dogs under anaesthesia.(2) Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the extracts of adrenal venous blood were performed by a combination of paper and gas chromatographic techniques.(3) In both species 1 1\g=b\OH-androstenedione,pregnenolone, progesterone and 1 1\g=b\OH-progesterone were secreted under stress conditions at a mean rate of approximately 20 \g=m\g./adrenal/hr.; this was somewhat more than aldosterone secretion and about one-fiftieth of the glucocorticoid secretion.(4) Within 2 hr. of hypophysectomy the secretion of all four compounds was decreased by more than 95%.

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Electron microscopic observations on the postnatal differentiation of the seminal vesicle epithelium of the laboratory mouse

Deane

Wurzelmann

1965

Am. J. Anat.

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The cytological changes occurring in the epithelium of the mouse seminal vesicle between 5 and 49 days of postnatal life have been traced by electron microscopy.Initially the epithelium was composed of typical immature columnar cells. During the second week of life, the principal changes were: rapid cell proliferation, followed by increases in the amounts of organized ergastoplasm and Golgi material. During the third week, dense secretory material appeared in Golgi cisternae and then in the lumen of the gland.The parallelism between these changes and those found in maturing pancreatic acinar tissue has been assessed. Comment is made on the attachment of ribosomes to endoplasmic reticulum in the initiation of protein-secretory activity, and the importance of the subsequent proliferation of ergastoplasmic and Golgi membranes. The evidence for relating these cytological and secretory alterations in the seminal vesicle to a rising titer of androgen during the prepuberal period has been cited.Other observations included: (a) Evidence for a considerable amount of cellular sloughing and resorption during the first two postnatal weeks; ( b ) an association of mitochondria with developing desmosomes, and ( c ) the appearance of basal cells first during the second week of postnatal life, thus suggesting that they arise by dedifferentiation of columnar cells.

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Sex hormone secretion by the adrenal cortex

Cited by 6 publications

References 255 publications

Sexual Dimorphism in Mammals

Sexual Dimorphism in Mammals

Adrenal Secretion Rates of C-19 and C-21 Steroids Before and After Hypophysectomy in the Pig and the Dog

Electron microscopic observations on the postnatal differentiation of the seminal vesicle epithelium of the laboratory mouse

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