Sex Differences Through a Neuroscience Lens: Implications for Business Ethics

Ryan, Lori Verstegen

doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3110-1

Cited by 28 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Studies show that gender has been included as an important factor affecting ethical reasoning (Ameen et al, 1996;Ford and Richardson, 1994;O'Fallon and Butterfield, 2005;Robin and Babin, 1997). Neuroscience studies reported that male and female brains are structured differently, hence their emotions and thought processes differ in ethical situations (Ryan, 2016). These recent findings support Gilligan's (1982) suggestion that males and females have distinctly dissimilar moral orientation due to different traits and values.…”

Section: Gender and Ethicsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Gender and young consumer ethics: an examination in two Southeast Asian countries

Tjiptono

Arli

Winit

2017

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Purpose This study aims to examine and compare ethical perceptions between genders on various potentially unethical consumer situations in Indonesia and Thailand. Design/methodology/approach A survey was conducted by distributing self-administered questionnaires to a convenience sample of university students in two large cities in Indonesia and Thailand. There are 278 respondents in Indonesia 158 participants for Thailand. Most respondents aged between 18-24 years. Findings Indonesian youths were found to believe that “passively benefiting”, “questionable action” and “downloading” are more unethical than Thai youths do. The relationship between gender and consumer ethics is not consistent in Indonesia and Thailand. Female youths in Indonesia tended to be more ethical in four out of seven dimensions of Consumer Ethics Scales than their counterparts, while no gender differences were found in Thailand. Practical implications The results show the different consumer ethics between Indonesia and Thailand that may reflect cultural variations, where Indonesia is more multicultural than Thailand. The mixed findings of the gender differences may suggest that there are no intrinsic gender differences in consumer ethics. Further, the results also provide implications for educators and public policy makers in both countries to encourage more active roles played by universities in building ethical sensitivity among future leaders. Originality/value This is one of the few studies examining the impact of gender on consumer ethical behavior in Southeast Asian countries, where various unethical behaviors (e.g. buying and using pirated products) are prevalent.

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Section: Gender and Ethicsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Gender and young consumer ethics: an examination in two Southeast Asian countries

Tjiptono

Arli

Winit

2017

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“…A large literature supports the coexistence of the “nature” and “nurture” perspectives and argues that these two perspectives are complementary when it comes to explaining differences and similarities between women and men (for a recent review, see Eagly & Wood, ). In addition, a recent study by Ryan (, p. 771) finds that “distinctions between the sexes that may have previously been presumed to be due to ‘nurture’ may now also be demonstrably related to ‘nature’.” A common view among scholars is that women and men are both natured and nurtured differently throughout their lives (Ashcraft, ; Ely & Padavic, ; Eagly & Wood, ; Zanoni et al, ). In particular, the “nature” perspective refers to innate biological structures and processes (biology explains all gender differences), whereas the “nurture” perspective refers to sociocultural influences (women and men are socialized in distinct ways; Eagly & Wood, ).…”

Section: Theoretical Background and Hypotheses Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender diversity and say‐on‐pay: Evidence from UK remuneration committees

Alkalbani¹,

Cuomo

Mallin

2019

Corporate Governance

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Research question/issue We examine whether the presence of women on the remuneration committee has an influence on say‐on‐pay voting. Research findings/insights Based on panel data from the UK's FTSE 350 firms from 2003 to 2015, we find that firms with women on the remuneration committee reduce shareholders' dissent via say‐on‐pay. However, only firms with a critical mass of more than 30% women on this committee are more likely to have less shareholders' dissent via say‐on‐pay (i.e., the presence of 30% women or less on this committee is not sufficient). Theoretical/academic implications Our results provide empirical evidence that the gender diversity of directors on the remuneration committee plays a significant role in shaping shareholders' dissent via say‐on‐pay in the United Kingdom. Our results also provide empirical support for some of the previous studies that draw on critical mass theory that imply that women are more effective monitors when they make up a critical mass of more than 30%. Practitioner/policy implications Our results could provide regulators with evidence in favor of improving women's representation on UK remuneration committees. In addition, our results could help shareholders and nomination committee members understand the importance of having women on UK remuneration committees, as they are more likely to avoid suboptimal pay and align directors' remuneration packages more closely with shareholders' expectations. Finally, our results could also attract the attention of main stakeholders and the media, especially given their increasing attention both to gender diversity and say‐on‐pay.

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“…Recent developments in neurocognitive research show that female and male brains are different in their structure, function and chemistry (Ruigrok et al, 2014;Ryan, 2017). These biological differences are deeper than previously thought and they influence how individuals deal with ethical situations (Pierce, 2014;Ryan, 2017). Consistent with such findings, Reynolds (2006a) maintains that biological differences and physiological factors may influence the processes of matching patterns and ethical prototypes (see also Fumagalli et al, 2010).…”

Section: Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auditor ethics: do experience and gender influence auditors’ moral awareness?

Carrera

Kolk

2021

MAJ

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how experience and gender relate to the auditors’ moral awareness. Design/methodology/approach Hypotheses are informed by a neurocognitive approach to ethical decision-making and tested using survey data from 191 auditors of a Big Four audit firm in The Netherlands. Findings The main findings indicate that more experienced auditors (i.e. those with more years of work experience, a higher rank and a higher age) show higher levels of moral awareness. This positive relationship is stronger for morally questionable situations related to accounting and auditing, compared to general business moral dilemmas. In addition, the results support the expectation that on average, female auditors have higher moral awareness than their male counterparts. Originality/value To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first study that considers a neurocognitive approach to inform hypotheses about the antecedents of auditors’ moral awareness. The findings suggest that the involvement of experienced auditors in ethical decision-making processes may be beneficial given their enhanced ability to identify ethically disputable situations as such. Furthermore, increasing the number of women in senior positions may positively affect ethical decision-making in audit firms. Finally, this paper presents directions for future research.

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Sex Differences Through a Neuroscience Lens: Implications for Business Ethics

Cited by 28 publications

References 51 publications

Gender and young consumer ethics: an examination in two Southeast Asian countries

Gender and young consumer ethics: an examination in two Southeast Asian countries

Gender diversity and say‐on‐pay: Evidence from UK remuneration committees

Auditor ethics: do experience and gender influence auditors’ moral awareness?

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