Sex differences in the object representations in the dreams of adolescents

Winegar, Robert K.; Levin, Ross

doi:10.1007/bf02766687

Cited by 12 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The Exner scoring system has been applied to the scoring of dream narratives; human movements were found to successfully distinguish female and male adolescents' dream content (Winegar and Levin, 1997). Another study found AG, COP, and MOR categories to be reliable measures of psychological functioning when assessed in the dream content of children and adolescents living in situations of enduring violence (Kamphuis et al, 2008).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal representations in the dreams of pregnant women: a prospective comparative study

Lara-Carrasco¹,

Simard²,

Saint-Onge³

et al. 2013

Front. Psychol.

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Dreams are thought to respond to self- and socially-relevant situations that evoke strong emotions and require rapid adaptation. First pregnancy is such a situation during which maternal mental representations (MMR) of the unborn baby, the self and significant others undergo remodeling. Some studies suggest that dreams during pregnancy contain more MMR and are more dysphoric, but such studies contain important methodological flaws. We assessed whether dreamed MMR, like waking MMR, change from the 7th month of pregnancy to birth, and whether pregnancy–related themes and non-pregnancy characteristics are also transformed. Sixty non-pregnant and 59 pregnant women (37 early and 22 late 3rd trimester) completed demographic and psychological questionnaires and 14-day home dream logs. Dream reports were blindly rated according to four dream categories: (1) Dreamed MMR, (2) Quality of baby/child representations, (3) Pregnancy-related themes, (4) Non-pregnancy characteristics. Controlling for age, relationship and employment status, education level and state anxiety, women in both pregnant groups reported more dreams depicting themselves as a mother or with babies/children than did non-pregnant women (all p = 0.006). Baby/child representations were less specific in the late 3rd than in the early 3rd trimester (p = 0.005) and than in non-pregnant women (p = 0.01). Pregnant groups also had more pregnancy, childbirth and fetus themes (all p = 0.01). Childbirth content was higher in late than in early 3rd trimester (p = 0.01). Pregnant groups had more morbid elements than did the non-pregnant group (all p < 0.05). Dreaming during pregnancy appears to reflect daytime processes of remodeling MMR of the woman as a mother and of her unborn baby, and parallels a decline in the quality of baby/child representations in the last stage of pregnancy. More frequent morbid content in late pregnancy suggests that the psychological challenges of pregnancy are reflected in a generally more dysphoric emotional tone in dream content.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal representations in the dreams of pregnant women: a prospective comparative study

Lara-Carrasco¹,

Simard²,

Saint-Onge³

et al. 2013

Front. Psychol.

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“…In fact, females have been found to attain higher levels of object representations than males. This difference has been linked to gender identity and social roles according to which women are expected to be more involved and display more sensitivity in interpersonal relationships when compared to men (e.g., Winegar & Levin, 1997). Additionally, significant correlations were found between level of problematic object representations and number of years of education, with more educated individuals generally obtaining lower PORS levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

The Problematic Object Representation Scales (PORS): A preliminary study to assess object relations in personality disorder through the AAI protocol

Ribeiro¹,

Target²,

Chiesa³

et al. 2010

Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic

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There has been an increasing interest in assessing object relations in individuals presenting with personality pathology. The present study describes the development of the Problematic Object Representation Scales (PORS), which were devised to assess dimensions of object representations through the Adult Attachment Interview protocol in an effort to integrate psychoanalytic and cognitive approaches. The results of this study have revealed that the PORS are able to distinguish patients with severe personality disorder both from patients with Axis I disorders and from healthy controls. Although the PORS have been shown to be a reliable and promising instrument, further validation of the scales is needed before they can become a valuable research tool for the assessment of object relations in personality pathology.

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“…Her husband was away from home most of the time due to work commitments. Sexual deprivation can result in wet dreams for both men and women [31,44,45]. It could be deduced from the women` s narratives that wet dreams were as common among women as they were among men [45,46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though, sexual deviance in wakefulness among the traditional Shona women could also happen in form of masturbation in privacy. Masturbation by women is not culturally sanctioned among the Shona people; it is regarded as sexual deviance [42,45]. If the sexual fantasy is satisfied in consciousness it is considered more as deviant behaviour than abnormal behaviour.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mubobobo: Women have no Sexual Fantasies in their Sleep

Gwandure¹

2009

TOANTHJ

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Mubobobo is a belief among traditional Shona people of Zimbabwe that women cannot have nocturnal emission in their sleep. This study explored traditional Shona women` s experiences of mubobobo from an ethnopsychological perspective. Participants were three men who were alleged to be the perpetrators of mubobobo and three women who claimed to be the victims of mubobobo. The men and women in this study were not related or involved in litigation relating to mubobobo. In fact, the presented cases in this study were isolated individual experiences of mubobobo. In-depth interviews were held to assess the views of participants who were embroiled in the mubobobo controversy as perpetrators and victims. A thematic content analysis of the narratives of the participants was done to establish the reasonableness of participants` convictions about mubobobo in the context of human sexuality. The findings of the study revealed that traditional Shona women experienced nocturnal emission like any other women in the world but due to cultural constraints they could not believe the excitation of their reproductive system in their sleep as real and a normal biological process. Furthermore, research on the sexuality of traditional Shona women could have a special focus on women empowerment in the context of sexual and reproductive health education.

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Sex differences in the object representations in the dreams of adolescents

Cited by 12 publications

References 26 publications

Maternal representations in the dreams of pregnant women: a prospective comparative study

Maternal representations in the dreams of pregnant women: a prospective comparative study

The Problematic Object Representation Scales (PORS): A preliminary study to assess object relations in personality disorder through the AAI protocol

Mubobobo: Women have no Sexual Fantasies in their Sleep

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