Sex Differences in the Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament, Medial Collateral Ligament, and Meniscal Injuries in Collegiate and High School Sports

Stanley, Laura E.; Kerr, Zachary Y.; Dompier, Thomas P.; Padua, Darin A.

doi:10.1177/0363546516630927

Cited by 141 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…There are several ligamentous structures within the knee, such as the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL), which can be injured in this type of mechanism, singularly or combined. Sprains to these ligaments can be severe due to the significant amount of time to heal or required surgical intervention (Agel et al 2016; Stanley et al 2016; Swenson et al 2013). Although ACL injury rates, as well as general knee injury rates, have been found to be higher in females and males (Agel et al 2016; Stanley et al 2016; Swenson et al 2013), it is essential to develop, implement, and evaluate knee injury prevention strategies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sprains to these ligaments can be severe due to the significant amount of time to heal or required surgical intervention (Agel et al 2016; Stanley et al 2016; Swenson et al 2013). Although ACL injury rates, as well as general knee injury rates, have been found to be higher in females and males (Agel et al 2016; Stanley et al 2016; Swenson et al 2013), it is essential to develop, implement, and evaluate knee injury prevention strategies. Knee sprains have been shown to decrease with the use of preventative exercise programs such as a warm-up involving slow, controlled cuts, core strengthening, and hip mobility (Grimm et al 2015; US Lacrosse 2016b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The epidemiology of NCAA men’s lacrosse injuries, 2009/10-2014/15 academic years

et al. 2017

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BackgroundParticipation in lacrosse has grown at the collegiate levels. However, little research has examined the epidemiology of collegiate men’s lacrosse injuries. This study describes the epidemiology of injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) men’s lacrosse during the 2009/10–2014/15 academic years.MethodsTwenty-five men’s lacrosse programs provided 63 team-seasons of data for the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program (NCAA-ISP) during the 2009/10–2014/15 academic years. Injuries occurred from participation in an NCAA-sanctioned practice or competition, and required attention from an AT or physician. Injuries were further classified as time loss (TL) injuries if the injury restricted participation for at least 24 h. Injuries were reported through electronic medical record application used by the team medical staff throughout the academic year. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AE), injury rate ratios (RR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and injury proportions were reported.ResultsOverall, 1055 men’s lacrosse injuries were reported, leading to an injury rate of 5.29/1000AE; 95%CI: 4.98–5.61. The TL injury rate was 2.74/1000AE (95%CI: 2.51–2.96). The overall injury rate was higher in competition than practice (12.35 vs. 3.90/1000AE; RR = 3.16; 95%CI: 2.79–3.58). Most injuries were to the lower extremity (58.3%), particularly the ankle (14.1%) in competition and the upper leg (14.3%) in practice. Sprains and strains were the most common diagnoses in both competition (26.9 and 23.7%, respectively) and practice (20.2% and 27.4%, respectively). Most injuries in competitions and practices were due to player contact (32.8 and 17.5%, respectively) and non-contact (29.6 and 40.0%, respectively).ConclusionsOur estimated injury rates are lower than those from previous college men’s lacrosse research. This may be due to increased injury awareness, advances in injury prevention exercise programs, or rule changes. Still, injury prevention can aim to continue reducing the incidence and severity of injury, particularly those sustained in competitions and to the lower extremity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology of NCAA men’s lacrosse injuries, 2009/10-2014/15 academic years

et al. 2017

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“…It is well accepted that female athletes have a four to ten times greater incidence of non-contact knee injury than their male counterparts, particularly in agility-based sports[8, 11, 35, 44]. It is speculated that sex differences in anatomical structure and function including joint alignment (Q-angle), ligament laxity, strength, hormonal levels, and more recently, neuromuscular control are major contributors for the disproportionate number of injuries in females[7, 8, 44].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in leg dexterity are not present in elite athletes

Lawrence

Peppoloni

Valero-Cuevas

2017

Journal of Biomechanics

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We studied whether the time-varying forces that control unstable foot-ground interactions provide insight into the neural control of dynamic leg function. Twenty elite (10F, 26.4±3.5yrs) and 20 recreational (10F, 24.8±2.4yrs) athletes used an isolated leg to maximally compress a slender spring designed to buckle at low forces while seated. The foot forces during the compression at the edge of instability quantify the maximal sensorimotor ability to control dynamic foot-ground interactions. Using the nonlinear analysis technique of attractor reconstruction, we characterized the spatial (interquartile range IQR) and geometric (trajectory length TL, volume V, and sum of edge lengths SE) features of the dynamical behavior of those force time series. ANOVA confirmed the already published effect of sex, and a new effect of athletic ability, respectively, in TL (p=0.014 and p<0.001), IQR (p=0.008 and p<0.001), V (p=0.034 and p=0.002), and SE (p=0.033 and p<0.001). Further analysis revealed that, for recreational athletes, females exhibited weaker corrective actions and greater stochasticity than males as per their greater mean values of TL (p=0.003), IQR (p=0.018), V (p=0.017), and SE (p=0.025). Importantly, sex differences disappeared in elite athletes. These results provide an empirical link between sex, athletic ability, and nonlinear dynamical control. This is a first step in understanding the sensorimotor mechanisms for control of unstable foot-ground interactions. Given that females suffer a greater incidence of non-contact knee ligament injuries, these non-invasive and practical metrics of leg dexterity may be both indicators of athletic ability, and predictors of risk of injury.

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“…184 ACL injuries have declined significantly in males over the past two decades, however have remained relatively constant in females. 171 Meniscal injuries often occur in conjunction with ACL injury.…”

Section: Incidence Of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Females are at increased risk for ACL injury compared to their male counterparts. 23,67,85,86,184,194 ACL injury rate ratios (IRR) are higher for female than male athletes in both high school (IRR = 2.30) and college (IRR = 2.49). 184 These sex differences are not similar for meniscal and medial collateral ligament injuries at either the high school or collegiate level,…”

Section: Incidence Of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical Adaptations After Fatiguing Exercise in Healthy and ACL Reconstructed Individuals

Slater

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Sex Differences in the Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament, Medial Collateral Ligament, and Meniscal Injuries in Collegiate and High School Sports

Cited by 141 publications

References 46 publications

The epidemiology of NCAA men’s lacrosse injuries, 2009/10-2014/15 academic years

The epidemiology of NCAA men’s lacrosse injuries, 2009/10-2014/15 academic years

Sex differences in leg dexterity are not present in elite athletes

Biomechanical Adaptations After Fatiguing Exercise in Healthy and ACL Reconstructed Individuals

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