Sex Differences in the Association between Household Income and Children’s Executive Function

Assari, Shervin; Boyce, Shanika; Bazargan, Mohsen; Caldwell, Cleopatra Howard

doi:10.3390/sexes1010002

Cited by 3 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…While hippocampal volume is expected to be associated with (list sorting) working memory, this effect is expected to differ for females and males. In line with past research [ 21 ], males and females show different neurocircuit correlates of various aspects of cognitive function [ 22 ], including, but not limited to, working memory and executive function [ 15 , 20 , 23 ]. Given the years of research on the difference between boys and girls on executive function tasks, we were able to formulate a specific hypothesis regarding the expected direction of the sex difference.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…At the same time, sex differences may exist in cognitive functions such as working memory and executive functioning [ 14 ]. Males and females have shown different correlates of working memory and executive control as well [ 15 ]. A recent study documented sex-specific activity of brain regions in executive control among participants aged 8–22 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) data, a national study of brain development with 11,000+ 9–10-year-olds in the United States [ 17 ], some studies have established sex differences in executive function and memory [ 15 , 18 ]. Adeli and others [ 18 ] showed that a deep learning approach using cerebellar and subcortical brain structures, including the hippocampus, predicted the sex of the ABCD participant with high accuracy while controlling for head size, age, pubertal status, and socioeconomic status (SES).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study suggested that there are major sex differences in brain structures that have implications in working memory [ 18 ]. In one ABCD study [ 15 ], a high household income better predicted higher list sorting working memory levels in female than male children [ 15 ]. In one study, although a higher level of subjective list sorting working memory was associated with better self-rated health for both males and females, self-rated health showed a stronger correlation with objective list sorting working memory in males than females [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another study used the ABCD data and measured executive function using the stop-signal task. Although, in the overall sample, high household income was positively associated with executive function in the children, a stronger effect was found for the effects of high household income on the executive function of female compared to male children [ 15 ]. Using the ABCD data, Assari showed sex-specific patterns of sexual maturation and how SES correlates with sex hormones in males and females [ 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between Hippocampal Volume and Working Memory in 10,000+ 9–10-Year-Old Children: Sex Differences

2021

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Aim: This study tested sex differences in the association between hippocampal volume and working memory of a national sample of 9–10-year-old children in the US. As the hippocampus is functionally lateralized (especially in task-related activities), we explored the results for the right and the left hippocampus. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study data. This analysis included baseline ABCD data (n = 10,093) of children between ages 9 and 10 years. The predictor variable was right and left hippocampal volume measured by structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI). The primary outcome, list sorting working memory, was measured using the NIH toolbox measure. Sex was the moderator. Age, race, ethnicity, household income, parental education, and family structure were the covariates. Results: In the overall sample, larger right (b = 0.0013; p < 0.001) and left (b = 0.0013; p < 0.001) hippocampal volumes were associated with higher children’s working memory. Sex had statistically significant interactions with the right (b = −0.0018; p = 0.001) and left (b = −0.0012; p = 0.022) hippocampal volumes on children’s working memory. These interactions indicated stronger positive associations between right and left hippocampal volume and working memory for females compared to males. Conclusion: While right and left hippocampal volumes are determinants of children’s list sorting working memory, these effects seem to be more salient for female than male children. Research is needed on the role of socialization, sex hormones, and brain functional connectivity as potential mechanisms that may explain the observed sex differences in the role of hippocampal volume as a correlate of working memory.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between Hippocampal Volume and Working Memory in 10,000+ 9–10-Year-Old Children: Sex Differences

2021

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Associated biological and environmental factors of impaired executive function in preschool‐aged children: A population‐based study

Likhitweerawong

Khorana

Boonchooduang

et al. 2023

Infant and Child Development

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Executive function (EF) is essential for academic achievement, successful work, and physical and mental health. Although evidence shows that several factors have been linked to EF, these results are mixed. This study aims to identify both biological and environmental variables associated with impaired EF in preschoolers. This study was a populationbased cross-sectional study of healthy children aged 2-5 years from public and private schools in Chiang Mai, Thailand. EF was assessed using a parent report of the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool (BRIEF-P). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to explore the biological and environmental factors relevant to impaired executive functioning. In a total of 1540 included children, 213 children (13.83%) were defined as impaired EF. We found that biological factorsmale (odds ratio [OR], 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.04-1.91]), overweight/obesity (OR, 1.59, 95% CI [1.10-2.31]), less physical activity (OR, 1.77, 95% CI [1.10-2.84]), and environmental factors-low maternal education (OR, 1.61, 95% CI [1.13-2.31]), permissive parenting style (OR, 2.75, 95% CI [1.24-6.13]), and excessive screen exposure (OR, 1.66, 95% CI [1.15-2.41])-are associated with an increased risk of impaired EF. Adjusting modifiable factors, such as healthy weight status, positive parenting,

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Caregiver monitoring, but not caregiver warmth, is associated with general cognition in two large sub‐samples of youth

Keller

Mackey

Pines

et al. 2022

Developmental Science

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Individual differences in cognitive abilities emerge early during development, and children with poorer cognition are at increased risk for adverse outcomes as they enter adolescence. Caregiving plays an important role in supporting cognitive development, yet it remains unclear how specific types of caregiving behaviors may shape cognition, highlighting the need for large-scale studies. In the present study, we characterized replicable yet specific associations between caregiving behaviors and cognition in two large sub-samples of children ages 9-10 years old from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study ® (ABCD). Across both discovery and replication sub-samples, we found that child reports of caregiver monitoring (supervision or regular knowledge of the child's whereabouts) were positively associated with general cognition abilities, after covarying for age, sex, household income, neighborhood deprivation, and parental education. This association was specific to the type of caregiving behavior (caregiver monitoring, but not caregiver warmth), and was most strongly associated with a broad domain of general cognition (but not executive function or learning/memory). Additionally, we found that caregiver monitoring partially mediated the association between household income and cognition, furthering our understanding Ran Barzilay and Theodore D. Satterthwaite senior authors who contributed equally

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Sex Differences in the Association between Household Income and Children’s Executive Function

Cited by 3 publications

References 88 publications

Association between Hippocampal Volume and Working Memory in 10,000+ 9–10-Year-Old Children: Sex Differences

Association between Hippocampal Volume and Working Memory in 10,000+ 9–10-Year-Old Children: Sex Differences

Associated biological and environmental factors of impaired executive function in preschool‐aged children: A population‐based study

Caregiver monitoring, but not caregiver warmth, is associated with general cognition in two large sub‐samples of youth

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