Sex Differences in Secondary Attack Rate of IDDM to Siblings of Probands Through Older Ages: Pittsburgh Etiology of IDDM Study

Gavard, Jeffrey A.; Dorman, J S; LaPorte, Ronald E.; Orchard, Trevor J.; Drash, Allan L.; Trucco, Massimo; Kelsey, Sheryl F.; Kostraba, Jill N; Becker, Dorothy J.

doi:10.2337/diacare.15.4.559

Cited by 11 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…However, a recent large European ecological study has suggested that the incidence of type 1 diabetes and the prevalence in siblings at the time of the diagnosis of a diabetic child are correlated (6). Our estimates of the recurrence risk confirm the finding that brothers are more commonly affected with type 1 diabetes after puberty than sisters (7,27). Furthermore, we found that young-onset diabetes in fathers was associated with increased risk of type 1 diabetes in siblings, which is in keeping with data…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Cumulative Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in 10,168 Siblings of Finnish Young-Onset Type 1 Diabetic Patients

Harjutsalo¹,

Podar²,

Tuomilehto

2005

Diabetes

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The cumulative incidence for type 1 diabetes in siblings of type 1 diabetic patients by age 30 years observed in this study, 5.5% on average, is similar to that of most studies where the estimate has varied from 4.9 to 6.4% (2,(7)(8)(9)11). In general, the risk of type 1 diabetes for close relatives is usually quite similar (25,26).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Cumulative Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in 10,168 Siblings of Finnish Young-Onset Type 1 Diabetic Patients

Harjutsalo¹,

Podar²,

Tuomilehto

2005

Diabetes

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“…We found the recurrence risk of IDDM in the families of the study population to be higher than hitherto reported from most studies [13,14,[31][32][33] but comparable to the high value of a recent report from Allen et al [19]. The cumulative recurrence risk of siblings at age 60 years was estimated to 9.6 % and interestingly, we also found that the recurrence risk in siblings was significant even after age 30 years (3.2 % from 30 to 60 years).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…We found that the probands in the present study were older at the time of diagnosis (22 years) compared to other studies [12,13,15,19,21,23,24,30,33]. One obvious reason might be the inclusion criteria.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Long-term risk of IDDM in first-degree relatives of patients with IDDM

et al. 1994

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SummaryDue to a short observation period previous studies may have underestimated prevalence and recurrence risk of IDDM in relatives of IDDM patients. To obtain a more exact life-time risk estimate we identified 310 probands, representative of Danish IDDM patients, characterized by current age more than 50 years, age at onset 40 years or less and diabetes duration of more than 30 years. Family data were obtained from 291 probands. Mean "observation" times (age) (+ SD) for siblings (n =553) and offspring (n = 359) were 59.4 + 16.1 years and 33.8 + 8.8 years, respectively. Of the probands 73 (25.1%) had at least one first-degree relative with IDDM. Seventeen percent had at least one affected sibling. An increase from 10.4 % to 22.4 % of having first-degree relatives with IDDM among probands with age at onset below 20 years was observed during the period from proband at age 21 years up to 1 September 1992. Among affected siblings 48 % of the second cases were affected more than 10 years after the first affected sibling. Using the life-table method cumulative recurrence risks from time of birth were calculated for siblings up to age 30 years of 6.4 % and up to age 60 years of 9.6 %. For offspring the risk up to age 34 years was 6.3 %. In addition, we present a life-table method evaluating the cumulative recurrence risk from time of onset in the proband, as this is the most relevant when giving genetic counselling. In conclusion, the long-term risks of IDDM in siblings and offspring are high compared to that shown in previous reports. [ Diabetologia (1994) 37: 321-327] Key words IDDM, first-degree relatives, familial aggregation, recurrence risk, life-table analysis.The aetiology of IDDM is still rather poorly understood. The major genetic predisposition is conferred by HLA-class II genes [1-3] but genes outside this region may also confer susceptibility [4][5][6][7][8]. Furthermore, environmental factors are thought to be important for the initiation of the disease [9][10][11]. Epidemiological studies may be helpful in increasing our understanding of IDDM and are essential for generation of preventive and interventive strategies aimed at the eradication of the disease. When studying familial aggregation of Received: 14 July 1993 and in revised form: 13 October 1993Corresponding author: Dr. J.Nerup, Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensens Vej 2, DK-2820 Gentofte, DenmarkAbbreviations: IDDM, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; SE, standard error.IDDM the composition and representativeness of the study population are obviously important for allowing direct comparisons between results from different regions and centres.Several studies have reported the prevalence of IDDM patients having affected first-degree relatives within a range of 5 to 19 % [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. However, many of these studies are not directly comparable, primarily due to methodological differences. Often, the study populations comprised only children or adolescent probands [13,15,18,19,21,24], were designed as incid...

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“…More recently, population-based data have become available, and fairly consistent prevalence rates of 11-13% for the presence of an affected first-degree relative have been reported in subjects with IDDM at the time of diagnosis (6)(7)(8). The risk of IDDM in siblings of diabetic probands up to the age of 30 yr has been estimated to be ‫ف‬ 6-7% (9)(10)(11)(12), although a higher long-term risk, 9.6% up to the age of 60 yr, has been reported recently in Denmark (12). Approximately 4% of the parents of IDDM patients (6,7,10) and 5% of the offspring are affected by the disease (1,13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

HLA-DQB1-defined genetic susceptibility, beta cell autoimmunity, and metabolic characteristics in familial and nonfamilial insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Childhood Diabetes in Finland (DiMe) Study Group.

Veijola¹,

Reijonen²,

Vähäsalo³

et al. 1996

J. Clin. Invest.

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Familial aggregation of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a common phenomenon, but the reasons behind it are poorly understood. To investigate whether there is heterogeneity between familial and nonfamilial forms of IDDM we compared genetic, immunological, and clinical characteristics of diabetic children with and without an affected first-degree relative in a population-based series of Finnish children with IDDM. The frequencies of HLA-DQB1 genotypes known to be associated with high (DQB1-*0302/0201) or moderate (*0302/x) IDDM risk in the Finnish population were increased, while the proportions of DQB1 genotypes associated with low or decreased risk for IDDM were reduced in the 121 familial cases as compared with the 574 nonfamilial cases (32.7 vs. 21.3%, 41.3 vs. 35.9%, 18.3 vs. 31.4%, and 7.7 vs. 11.4%, respectively; P ϭ 0.002). The frequencies and serum concentrations of islet cell antibodies, insulin autoantibodies, and antibodies to the 65-kD isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase were similar at diagnosis in the familial and nonfamilial cases. The 31 first-affected cases in the multiple case families were younger at diagnosis than the nonfamilial cases (6.9 vs. 8.5 yr; P Ͻ 0.05). The 90 second-affected familial cases had less severe metabolic decompensation at diagnosis than either the first-affected familial or nonfamilial cases. In conclusion, familial aggregation of IDDM in Finland is at least partly explained by a higher frequency of IDDM susceptibility genes in families with multiple affected individuals. The lack of differences in autoantibody levels between the familial and nonfamilial cases indicates homogeneity rather than heterogeneity in the pathogenetic process of beta cell destruction. ( J. Clin. Invest. 1996. 98:2489-2495.)

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Sex Differences in Secondary Attack Rate of IDDM to Siblings of Probands Through Older Ages: Pittsburgh Etiology of IDDM Study

Abstract: Males have a greater secondary attack rate of IDDM at older ages than females. This may be due to an increased exposure to environmental agents among males or protective influences operating among females.

Cited by 11 publications

References 13 publications

Cumulative Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in 10,168 Siblings of Finnish Young-Onset Type 1 Diabetic Patients

Cumulative Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in 10,168 Siblings of Finnish Young-Onset Type 1 Diabetic Patients

Long-term risk of IDDM in first-degree relatives of patients with IDDM

HLA-DQB1-defined genetic susceptibility, beta cell autoimmunity, and metabolic characteristics in familial and nonfamilial insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Childhood Diabetes in Finland (DiMe) Study Group.

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