Sex Differences in Risk Factors for Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Meisinger, Christa; Thorand, Barbara; Schneider, Andrea L.C.; Stieber, Jutta; Döring, Angela; Löwel, Hannelore

doi:10.1001/archinte.162.1.82

Cited by 272 publications

(268 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…Although some references do not mention sex as an independent risk factor for T2DM [43], the prevalence of T2DM was reported in several studies to be lower among women [44–46] especially in developed countries [47]. The male excess in the incidence and prevalence of T2DM, which is found in some populations, has been attributed to sex-related differences in insulin sensitivity, consequences of obesity and regional body fat deposition and other contributing factors such as hypertension, smoking and alcohol intake [48,49]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus among Sami and non-Sami men and women in Northern Norway – The SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey

Naseribafrouei

Eliassen

Melhus

et al. 2018

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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The aim of this study was to determine and compare the prevalence of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among Sami and non-Sami men and women of rural districts in Northern Norway. The SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey is a cross-sectional population-based study performed in 2012–2014 in 10 municipalities of Northern Norway. A total of 12,455 Sami and non-Sami inhabitants aged 40–79 years were invited to participate and 5878 were included in the analyses. Participants with self-reported T2DM and/or a glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) result ≥6.5% were categorised as having T2DM. Those with 5.7%≤HbA1c<6.5% were categorised as pre-diabetics. In men, the total age-standardised prevalence of pre-diabetes (37.9% vs 31.4%) and T2DM (10.8% vs 9.5%) were higher in Sami compared with non-Sami; the ethnic difference was statistically significant for both pre-diabetes (OR 1.42, p < 0.001) and T2DM (OR 1.31, p = 0.042). In women, pre-diabetes (36.4% vs 33.5%) and T2DM (8.6% vs 7.0%) were also more common in Sami than non-Sami; the differences in both pre-diabetes (OR 1.20, p = 0.025) and T2DM (OR 1.38, p = 0.021) were also statistically significant. The observed ethnic difference in the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was a plausible explanation for the ethnic difference in the prevalence of pre-diabetes and T2DM.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus among Sami and non-Sami men and women in Northern Norway – The SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey

Naseribafrouei

Eliassen

Melhus

et al. 2018

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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“…Data collection and laboratory measurements Collection of information on socio-demographic variables, smoking habits, leisure time physical activity level, alcohol consumption and parental history of diabetes and details of the standardised medical examinations including collection of a non-fasting venous blood sample have been described extensively elsewhere [6,[23][24][25]. Total serum cholesterol (TC) and HDL cholesterol were measured by enzymatic methods (CHOD-PAP; Boehringer Mannheim, Germany).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemokines as risk factors for type 2 diabetes: results from the MONICA/KORA Augsburg study, 1984–2002

et al. 2006

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Aims/hypothesis: The chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-8 and interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) are released by adipocytes and appear to be involved in atherosclerosis. We hypothesised that these chemokines may be risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes. Subjects and methods: Using a case-cohort design based on data from the population-based Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA)/Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg/Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA Augsburg) study, chemokine levels at baseline were analysed in 526 individuals with and 1,695 individuals without incident type 2 diabetes. The mean follow-up time was 10.8 years. Results: MCP-1 was associated with type 2 diabetes, largely independently of classic risk factors, whereas various clinical and metabolic parameters as well as lifestyle factors were major confounders of the association of IL-8 and IP-10 with type 2 diabetes. Further adjustment for C-reactive protein (CRP) and IL-6 had no impact on the observed associations. The hazard ratio (HR) for subjects with systemic concentrations of all three chemokines (MCP-1, IL-8 and IP-10) above the respective median compared with those with all chemokines below or equal to the median was 1.79 (95% CI 1.18-2.72) and was comparable with the HR for elevated CRP and IL-6 together (adjusted for age, sex, survey, BMI, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol ratio, physical activity, alcohol intake, smoking and parental history of diabetes). Conclusions/interpretation: Elevated concentrations of MCP-1, IL-8 and IP-10 are associated with incident type 2 diabetes. Whereas the association of IL-8 and IP-10 with diabetes was attenuated by multivariable adjustment, high MCP-1 levels contributed to diabetes risk independently of previously described clinical, metabolic and immunological risk factors.

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“…In addition, all participants underwent an extensive standardised medical examination including collection of a nonfasting blood sample. All measurement procedures have been described elsewhere in detail [18,19]. BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in square metres.…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leisure time physical activity and the risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women from the general population

et al. 2004

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Aims/hypothesis: The aim of this study was to examine sex-specific associations between leisure time physical activity and incident type 2 diabetes in a representative population sample in Germany. Methods: The study was based on 4,069 men and 4,034 women (aged 25 to 74 years) who participated in one of the three MONICA Augsburg surveys between 1984 and 1995. Subjects were free of diabetes at baseline. Incident cases of type 2 diabetes were assessed in 1998 using a follow-up questionnaire. Sex-specific hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated from Cox proportional hazard models. Results: A total of 145 cases of incident type 2 diabetes among men and 82 among women were registered during the mean follow-up period of 7.4 years. In both sexes, a high leisure time physical activity level was associated with a reduced risk of incident type 2 diabetes. After adjustment for confounding factors, the HR in highly active men (more than 2 h physical activity per week in summer and winter) was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.50-1.36). In contrast, highly active women had the lowest risk of type 2 diabetes even after multivariable adjustment (HR 0.24; 95% CI: 0.06-0.98). In subgroup analyses, after multivariable adjustment, the protective effect of moderate to high physical activity was significant in women with a BMI below 30 kg/m 2 (HR 0.24; 95% CI: 0.09-0.65) but not in women with a BMI of 30 kg/m 2 or higher (HR 0.97; 95% CI: 0.44-2.11). Conclusions/interpretation: Leisure time physical activity is effective in preventing type 2 diabetes, especially in nonobese women, in the general population.

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Sex Differences in Risk Factors for Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract: In men and women, most variables predicting future diabetes in the present study are also known to be important risk factors for cardiovascular disease and arteriosclerosis. However, there are sex-related dissimilarities that seem to be involved in disease development.

Cited by 272 publications

References 43 publications

Prevalence of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus among Sami and non-Sami men and women in Northern Norway – The SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey

Prevalence of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus among Sami and non-Sami men and women in Northern Norway – The SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey

Chemokines as risk factors for type 2 diabetes: results from the MONICA/KORA Augsburg study, 1984–2002

Leisure time physical activity and the risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women from the general population

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