Sex Differences in Psychiatric Evaluation and Treatment

Zeldow, Peter B.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770250091009

Cited by 52 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Past reviews are consistent with the findings obtained when using the old definition of bias; the great majority of cases reveal no bias (C. V. Abramowitz & Dokecki, 1977;S. I. Abramowitz & Murray, 1983;Davidson & S. I. Abramowitz, 1980;Zeldow, 1978). In contrast, when one applies the new definition, there is almost twice as much evidence of bias.…”

Section: Evidence For Patient Variable Biasessupporting

confidence: 64%

Patient variable biases in clinical judgment: Conceptual overview and methodological considerations.

López

1989

Psychological Bulletin

263

164

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Specific conceptual factors are presented as having contributed to the negative findings of past psychotherapy bias research. Among these factors are the restrictive nature of both the definition of bias and the model of the biased clinician. A review of published studies of several patient variable biases (e.g., gender, race/ethnicity, and age) indicated that bias may best be defined in broader terms and that its occurrence may be more circumscribed than originally conceived. In addition, the lack of a theoretical perspective in this area of research is noted and the applicability of some social cognitive processes is discussed. Methodological factors are also considered, and recommendations for future research are offered.

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Section: Evidence For Patient Variable Biasessupporting

confidence: 64%

Patient variable biases in clinical judgment: Conceptual overview and methodological considerations.

López

1989

Psychological Bulletin

263

164

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“…Although this article reviews the current status of research on these questions, it should be noted that this review only considers research on sex roles in mental health judgments, not on simple sex-of-client effects. Research on the latter's relationship to mental health judgments, test- ing, and treatment has been briefly reviewed by Abramowitz and Dokecki (1977) and Zeldow (1978).…”

Section: Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex roles and psychotherapy: A current appraisal.

Whitley¹

1979

Psychological Bulletin

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This article reviews the current status of research on the effects of sex role stereotypes on mental health judgments. Studies in this area have addressed three questions: (a) Are there different, sex-role-related standards of mental health for men and women? (b) Do violations of sex role norms result in adverse mental health judgments? (c) Do therapists set sex-role-related goals for their clients? It is concluded that sex role stereotypes are strong mental health cues for nonprofessionals, with violations of sex role norms leading to adverse mental health judgments, but that whereas professionals share the sex role stereotypes of their lay contemporaries, the professionals are unaffected by them in making mental health judgments and in setting therapeutic goals. This discrepancy between stereotypes and behavior may be due to any of three factors: the methodological limitations of the studies, actual differences in mental health between men and women, or normal attitude-behavior discrepancies.One of the more popular villains in contemporary psychology is the psychotherapist as a covert (if unwitting) agent of social control and the status quo (e.g., Hurvitz, 1973;Leifer, 1970;Szasz, 1961). This thesis has been most vigorously expounded by a number of feminist writers (e.g., American Psychological Association, 1975;Chesler, 1972; De Beauvoir, 1949/1967Tennov, 1975) who have charged that therapists define mental health in terms of sex role stereotypes and impose those stereotypes on their clients under the guise of therapy, thereby inhibiting rather than facilitating mental health. If true, these charges are indeed serious, for research has shown that overadherence to stereotyped sex roles is associated with psychopathology (e.g.,

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“…In the following three studies (Kirshner, Genack, & Hauser, 1978;Howard, Orlinsky, & Hill, 1970;Persons, Persons, & Newmark, 1974) female patients rated psychotherapy sessions as more satisfying with female therapists, whereas male patients were more responsive to male therapists. Although other research suggests that the sex of the therapist is less important than are many other variables (Mogul, 1982;Zeldow, 1978), Orlinsky &Howard (1976) determined that on 15 out of 46 dimensions of patient experience, female patient experience differed significantly depending on the sex of the therapist.…”

Section: Influences On the Quality Of Therapeutic Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 94%

The impact of therapist gender on the treatment of bulimic women

Zunino¹,

Agoos

Davis³

1991

Int. J. Eat. Disord.

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A number of recent therapists and researchers have shown that the gender of the therapist can have a substantial effect on treatment. This is especially true in treating eating disorders, which involve many gender‐related issues (such as body appearance and gender identity) and occur in primarily one sex (females). Here we discuss four areas in which transference and countertransference issues are greatly influenced, depending upon whether the therapist is male or female: (1) problems of body image; (2) the patient's overinvolvement with her mother; (3) the patient's ambivalence about gender identity; and (4) her need for a role model. The ways in which a female and male therapist work differently in these four areas are illustrated by two clinical vignettes with female bulimic patients.

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Sex Differences in Psychiatric Evaluation and Treatment

Cited by 52 publications

References 29 publications

Patient variable biases in clinical judgment: Conceptual overview and methodological considerations.

Patient variable biases in clinical judgment: Conceptual overview and methodological considerations.

Sex roles and psychotherapy: A current appraisal.

The impact of therapist gender on the treatment of bulimic women

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