Sex differences in pacing during ‘Ultraman Hawaii’

Knechtle, Beat; Nikolaidis, Pantelis Theodoros

doi:10.7717/peerj.2509

Cited by 16 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…Second, the findings of the present research provide insight into the sociodemographic characteristics of the non-finishers, who were predominantly male and of high socioeconomic status, similarly to the finishers. These results are in line with previous studies reporting that ultra-trailers generally tend to have high socioeconomic status and to be well-educated [ 72 ] and predominantly male (e.g., [ 73 , 74 ]). From a descriptive point of view, the socioeconomic status does not seem to play a role in dropout.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Psychosocial factors as predictors of dropout in ultra-trailers

et al. 2018

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ObjectiveAlthough research on the physiological and psychological factors of endurance performance has been extensive, the factors related to dropping out of ultra-trail races have not been well documented. The aim of this study was to examine psychosocial factors as predictors of dropout in ultra-trail runners.MethodsTwo hundred and twenty-one volunteer athletes completed a survey that included measures of: (a) motivational variables (self-determined motivation, basic needs satisfaction, achievement goals), (b) theory of planned behavior constructs (attitudes, subjective norms, self-efficacy and intention to finish the race), and (c) coping strategies in sport.ResultsThe results showed that finishers had higher scores for self-efficacy and intention to finish the race than withdrawers, whereas withdrawers had higher scores for avoidance coping. Multiple logistic regression showed that the number of started and finished ultra-trail races (OR, 0.44; 95% CI 0.22–0.88; p<0.02), self-efficacy (OR, 2.03; 95% CI 1.06–3.89; p<0.04), intention to finish the race (OR, 0.34; 95% CI 0.16–0.71; p<0.004), mastery-approach goals (OR, 0.56; 95% CI 0.31–1.00; p<0.05), and coping strategies of seeking social support (OR, 0.43; 95% CI 0.26–0.71; p<0.001) were associated with a lower risk of race dropout, whereas avoidance coping strategies (OR, 2.26; 95% CI 1.46–3.52; p<0.001) were associated with an increased dropout rate.ConclusionInterventions promoting self-efficacy constructs and specific coping strategies might contribute to preventing dropout in ultra-trailers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Psychosocial factors as predictors of dropout in ultra-trailers

et al. 2018

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“…Regarding pacing, women have shown to be better pacers with a more even pace throughout a race [ 17 , 22 , 23 ]. This effect could also be shown in two studies on ultra-triathlons [ 24 , 25 ] and one on a 100-km marathon [ 22 ]. However, to our knowledge, there has not yet been a publication observing the correlation between sex and pacing in an ultramarathon with such great elevation gain as the UTMB ® .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Even Pacing Is Associated with Faster Finishing Times in Ultramarathon Distance Trail Running—The “Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc” 2008–2019

Suter

Sousa

Hill

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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In recent years, there has been an increasing number of investigations analyzing the effects of sex, performance level, and age on pacing in various running disciplines. However, little is known about the impact of those factors on pacing strategies in ultramarathon trail running. This study investigated the effects of age, sex, and performance level on pacing in the UTMB® (Ultra-trail du Mont Blanc) and aimed to verify previous findings obtained in the research on other running disciplines and other ultramarathon races. Data from the UTMB® from 2008 to 2019 for 13,829 race results (12,681 men and 1148 women) were analyzed. A general linear model (two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)) was applied to identify a sex, age group, and interaction effect in pace average and pace variation. A univariate model (one-way ANOVA) was used to identify a sex effect for age, pace average, and pace variation for the fastest men and women. In our study, pace average and a steadier pace were positively correlated. Even pacing throughout the UTMB® correlated with faster finishing times. The average pace depended significantly on sex and age group. When considering the top five athletes in each age group, sex and age group also had significant effects on pace variation. The fastest women were older than the fastest men, and the fastest men were faster than the fastest women. Women had a higher pace variation than men. In male competitors, younger age may be advantageous for a successful finish of the UTMB®. Faster male runners seemed to be younger in ultramarathon trail running with large changes in altitude when compared to other distances and terrains.

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“…It has been shown that performance in the 'Ironman Hawaii' varied by nationality with the fastest women originating from the USA, UK and Switzerland and the fastest men from USA, Germany and Australia (1). It has been also found that pacing in the 'Ultraman Hawaii' varied by performance level (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

The Role of Nationality on the Pacing of Ironman Triathletes

Nikolaidis¹,

Käch

Rosemann

et al. 2017

Asian J Sports Med

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The aim of the present study was to examine the role of nationality on the pacing of Ironman triathlon (3.8 km swimming, 180 km cycling, and 42.195 km running). Data from 302,535 athletes (women, n = 61,087; men, n = 241,448) competing between 2002 and 2015 in 253 different Ironman triathlon races were analyzed. We examined split times (i.e. swimming, cycling, and running) and transition time, expressed as percentage of the overall race time. Participants were classified into performance groups according to their overall race time: 9 -10 hours, 10 -11 hours, 11 -12 hours, 12 -13 hours, 13 -14 hours, 14 -15 hours, 15 -16 hours, > 16 hours. Compared to men, women spent relatively less time in swimming (P < 0.001, d = -0.07), running (P < 0.001, d = -0.14) and transition time (P < 0.001, d = -0.11), and more time in cycling (P < 0.001, d = 0.21). Germans were the fastest in both women and men (P < 0.001); Australians, Austrians and Brazilians were also among the four fastest nationalities in both sexes; (b) in women, athletes from New Zealand spent relatively the least time and athletes from Brazil the most on swimming, whereas in men, Australians spent relatively the least time and Austrians the most (P < 0.001); (c) Austrians spent relatively the least time in cycling and British the most in women, whereas Austrians spent relatively the least time and Spanish the most in men (P < 0.001); (d) British spent relatively the least time in running and Australians in women, and Spanish spent relatively the least time and Australians the most in men (P < 0.001); and (e) Australians spent relatively the least time in transition and British the most in women, whereas Australians spent relatively the least time and Irish the most in men (P < 0.001). Therefore, nationality should be considered in optimizing pacing strategy in Ironman triathlon.Keywords: Swimming, Cycling, Running, Transition Time, Ultra-Endurance BackgroundIronman triathlon (i.e. 3.8 km swimming, 180 km cycling, and 42.195 km running) is a sport of high popularity as recent findings have documented an increase of the number of races hold annually and of athletes participating in them (1). Somatotype, physiological capacity, technical proficiency and pacing strategy have been identified as factors influencing performance in triathlon (2). Pacing refers to the changes in speed across a race, i.e. the effort managed across an exercise bout in relation to a specific goal and in the knowledge of the likely demands of the task (3). Moreover, recent studies have suggested that performance in endurance sports might vary by nationality (4, 5) and this trend has been observed in triathlon 'Ironman Hawaii', too (1). However, the relationship between nationality and pacing in Ironman triathlon has not been examined, yet.Six pacing strategies have been reported (6): negative pacing (i.e. increase in speed over time), positive pacing (i.e. continuous slowing over time), all-out pacing (i.e. maximal speed possible), even pacing (i.e. same speed over time), paraboli...

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Sex differences in pacing during ‘Ultraman Hawaii’

Cited by 16 publications

References 41 publications

Psychosocial factors as predictors of dropout in ultra-trailers

Psychosocial factors as predictors of dropout in ultra-trailers

Even Pacing Is Associated with Faster Finishing Times in Ultramarathon Distance Trail Running—The “Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc” 2008–2019

The Role of Nationality on the Pacing of Ironman Triathletes

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