Sex differences in LDL-C control in a primary care population: The PORTRAIT-DYS study

Gavina, Cristina; Araújo, Francisco; Teixeira, Carla; Ruivo, Jorge; Corte-Real, Ana Luísa; Luz-Duarte, Leonor; Canelas‐Pais, Mariana; Taveira-Gomes, Tiago

doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.05.017

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In our study, the probability of men experiencing changes in cholesterol was higher than that of women, which aligns with the previous study [1]. However, this finding contradicts other studies, which predominantly showed a greater risk in women [16,17]. However, it might be followed by clinical and epidemiological analytical studies to describe the comprehensive causal-effect association.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…These differences may be sex-related factors, such as early menopause, pregnancy-related risk factors, hormonal contraceptive use, and a higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunction, or social and community factors, such as low compliance and high treatment dropout rates, and lower risk perception in women by patients. Controlling lipids, especially LDL-C levels, is a major risk factor that can be changed for the development and progression of CVD disease [16]. Because of this, it is important to know how men and women differ in this area to address differences in how CVD disease affects people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between cholesterol and blood pressure examination in Sampangan, Semarang City: a preliminary study

Christyana,

Riwanto,

Sebong

et al. 2023

BKM-PHCM

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Purpose: This study aims to determine the baseline prevalence and association between blood pressure and cholesterol examination. Method: This preliminary study used a cross-sectional design to analyze the secondary blood pressure and cholesterol levels data in the Sampangan sub-district, Semarang City. The total sampling technique covered those enrolled in the metabolic syndrome screening from January to April 2023. The logistic regression test was used in data analysis. Results: 58 respondents took blood pressure checks, while only 40 had cholesterol checks. The probability of males getting changes in cholesterol levels was higher than that of females (OR = 8.69; p-value = 0.01). However, neither (female nor male) had a significant relationship, and there was no difference in the chances of changes in blood pressure (OR = 1.43; p = 0.72). Respondents above 60 years had a significant association with changes in blood pressure compared to those under 60 years (OR = 0.09; p = 0.007). Conclusion: This study revealed males of a certain age experience higher changes in cholesterol levels compared to females. People over 60 years old tend to have higher blood pressure compared to those under 60 years old. These findings propose an outreach strategy for health screening for patients with limited mobility, transportation access, and finances for routine checkups at public or government healthcare facilities.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between cholesterol and blood pressure examination in Sampangan, Semarang City: a preliminary study

Christyana,

Riwanto,

Sebong

et al. 2023

BKM-PHCM

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“…Consequently, women achieve the guideline-recommended LDL-C levels less often than men. For instance, in a recent study from Portugal, women were found to be 22% less likely to reach the LDL-C goal than men [19]. Higher LDL-C levels were found in women both in primary and secondary prevention settings (age-adjusted difference: 0.3 and 0.28 mmol/L, respectively) [20].…”

Section: 22mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Furthermore, women have additional risk factors related to reproductive health and psychosocial status that are not present in men [17,18]. Among patients with dyslipidemia, sex disparities are also observed in LDL-C goal attainment [19][20][21], LLT-related side effects [22], adherence to LLT [23,24], perception of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk, as well as patientphysician relationship [25]. Hence, sex can affect the diagnostic process, treatment course, and clinical outcome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex aspects in lipoprotein metabolism, dyslipidemia, and lipid-lowering therapy: A comprehensive review

Zimodro,

Mucha,

Berthold

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) is a cornerstone of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention. Although LLT might lead to different reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in women and men, LLT diminishes cardiovascular risk equally effectively in both sexes. Despite similar LLT efficacy, the use of high-intensity statin, ezetimibe, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors is lower in women compared to men. Women achieve the guideline-recommended LDL-C levels less often than men. Greater cholesterol burden is particularly prominent in women with familial hypercholesterolemia. In clinical practice, women and men with dyslipidemia present with different cardiovascular risk profiles and disease manifestations. The concentrations of LDL-C, lipoprotein(a) and other blood lipids differ between women and men over a lifetime. Dissimilar levels of LLT’s target molecules partially result from sex-specific hormonal and genetic determinants of lipoprotein metabolism. Hence, to evaluate a potential need for sex-specific LLT, this comprehensive review (i) describes the impact of sex on lipoprotein metabolism and lipid profile, (ii) highlights sex differences in cardiovascular risk among patients with dyslipidemia, (iii) presents recent, up-to-date clinical trial and real-world data on LLT efficacy and safety in women, and (iv) discusses diverse medical needs of women and men with dyslipidemia and increased cardiovascular risk.

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The heterogeneity of metabolic syndrome presentation and challenges this causes in its pharmacological management: a narrative review focusing on principal risk modifiers

Lonardo

2023

Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology

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Sex differences in LDL-C control in a primary care population: The PORTRAIT-DYS study

Cited by 7 publications

References 40 publications

Association between cholesterol and blood pressure examination in Sampangan, Semarang City: a preliminary study

Association between cholesterol and blood pressure examination in Sampangan, Semarang City: a preliminary study

Sex aspects in lipoprotein metabolism, dyslipidemia, and lipid-lowering therapy: A comprehensive review

The heterogeneity of metabolic syndrome presentation and challenges this causes in its pharmacological management: a narrative review focusing on principal risk modifiers

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