Sex differences in imagery and reading

Coltheart, Max; Hull, Elaine M.; Slater, Diana J.

doi:10.1038/253438a0

Cited by 95 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…One of the most influential studies (Corcoran, 1966) demonstrated that subjects searching for instances of the letter e in printed text made more errors on words in which e was silent (as in the word time) than on words in which it was pronounced (as in the word well). The common interpretation of this result, also observed by other investigators (e.g., Chen, 1976;Coltheart, Hull, & Slater, 1975;Locke, 1978;Mohan, 1978), is that subjects silently reading paragraphs of text scan the acoustic image of a word along with the visual stimulus. However, in normal English prose of the type used by Corcoran, & Groat, 1979), in frequent words (Healy, 1976(Healy, , 1980, in function words (Drewnowski & Healy, 1977;Schindler, 1978), and in some morpheme suffixes (Drewnowski & Healy, 1980).…”

supporting

confidence: 65%

“…In our previous studies, we have used the letter-detection technique to examine the size of the units employed in reading printed text. In contrast, most investigators using this technique have focused on the phonetic recoding hypothesis, by comparing error rates either on silent and pronounced letters (Chen, 1976;Coltheart et al, 1975;Corcoran, 1966;Mohan, 1978;Smith & Groat, 1979) or on modal and nonmodal phonemes (Locke, 1978). However, the use of normal English in this task carries with it important confoundings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phonetic factors in letter detection: A reevaluation

Drewnowski

Healy

1982

Memory & Cognition

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Three experiments in which subjects searched for the letter e in printed text were conducted to examine the effects of phonetic factors in silent reading. In Experiment 1, subjects made more errors on silent es than on pronounced es, but silent es always occurred at the ends of words, whereas pronounced es occurred in the middle of words. In Experiment 2, all instances of the letter e occurred in the penultimate location in the words. and no effects of letter voicing were obtained. In Experiment 3, subjects made more errors on es in unstressed syllables than on es in stressed syllables in three-syllable words. However, this effect occurred only for es in the second and third syllables and only for the more common words. All three experiments yielded large effects of word frequency, which were reduced in passages printed in alternating typecase. It was concluded that letter detection is affected by syllable stress but not by letter voicing and that the stress effect depends on whether the subject is able to form reading units at the syllable level.There is much evidence that phonetic recoding of text occurs in the course of silent reading. One of the most influential studies (Corcoran, 1966) demonstrated that subjects searching for instances of the letter e in printed text made more errors on words in which e was silent (as in the word time) than on words in which it was pronounced (as in the word well). The common interpretation of this result, also observed by other investigators (e.g., Chen, 1976;Coltheart, Hull, & Slater, 1975;Locke, 1978;Mohan, 1978), is that subjects silently reading paragraphs of text scan the acoustic image of a word along with the visual stimulus. However, in normal English prose of the type used by Corcoran,

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supporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phonetic factors in letter detection: A reevaluation

Drewnowski

Healy

1982

Memory & Cognition

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“…However, there was a trend toward the interaction of Type of Task by Sex [F(1,18) = 3.01, p<.10], previously reported by. Coltheart, Hull, and Slater (1975). The total discrepancy between the correct and the judged numbers of letters for males was 131 on the graphemic task and 171 on the phonemic task, whereas the females' figures were 116 and 106, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speech recoding in silent reading

Martin

1978

Memory & Cognition

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Theoretical controversy surrounds the issue of whether or not silent reading involves speech recoding. This was investigated in two experiments by assessing performance on a Stroop color-word task carried out with subjects either silent or articulating irrelevantly (saying "bla" continuously). It was found that the usual decrement in performance resulting from lack of congruency between ink color and color word was attenuated in the articulation condition. The results provide evidence for the presence of speech recoding in silent reading. As a second test of this hypothesis, the Stroop task was also carried out in conjunction with either a graphemic or a phonemic task. The usual decrement in performance was attenuated more by the phonemic than by the graphemic task, therefore providing further support for the hypothesis. The relationship between individual differences in Stroop performance and those in reading speed and in personality (as assessed by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire) were also examined.

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“…We asked subjects to state from memory whether uppercase letters named by the examiner contained any curved lines [14]. All the letters of the French alphabet were presented.…”

Section: Uppercase Letter Imagerymentioning

confidence: 99%

Visually- and motor-based knowledge of letters: evidence from a pure alexic patient

et al. 2002

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Degos. Visuallyand motor-based knowledge of letters: evidence from a pure alexic patient: Visually-and motorbased knowledge of letters. Neuropsychologia, Elsevier, 2002, 40 (8) In the days following the submission of this article, Professor Jean-Denis Degos died after a street accident. His co-authors wish to express their profound sorrow at this loss. His human sympathy, thoughtful appreciation of culture, and motivating enthusiasm will be deeply missed. AbstractWe describe a patient, VSB, whose reading was impaired as a consequence of a left temporal-parietal lesion, whereas writing was relatively preserved. At variance with other pure alexic patients described in the literature, VSB claimed to have become unable to mentally visualise letters and words. Indeed, his performance on a series of tests tapping visual mental imagery for orthographic material was severely impaired. However, performance on the same tests was dramatically ameliorated by allowing VSB to trace each item with his finger. Visual mental imagery for non-orthographic items was comparatively spared.The pattern of dissociation shown by VSB between impaired visual mental imagery and relatively preserved motor-based knowledge for orthographic material lends support to the view that separate codes, respectively based on visual appearance and on motor engrams, may be used to access knowledge of the visual form of letters and words.

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Sex differences in imagery and reading

Cited by 95 publications

References 7 publications

Phonetic factors in letter detection: A reevaluation

Phonetic factors in letter detection: A reevaluation

Speech recoding in silent reading

Visually- and motor-based knowledge of letters: evidence from a pure alexic patient

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