Sex differences in human spatial ability: Not an X‐linked recessive gene effect

No evidence for sex-linked or sex-limited gene expression influencing spatial orientation

“…This is in accord with a similar lack of support for sex-linked effects on spatial ability reported by other workers in recent years (e.g., Bouchard and McGee, 1977). However, performance on the Cubes Comparison Test appears to be much more affected by individual environ-mental influences in males than in females (the variation due to E1 in males is almost twice that in females).…”

Spatial ability and throwing accuracy

“…Some of the evidence based on intrafamilial correlations supports the X-linkage hypothesis of superior male spatial ability (Stafford, 1961 ;Hartlage, 1970;Bock and Kolakowski, 1973;Yen, 1975) while more recent work, including our own, does not (DeFries et al, 1976a(DeFries et al, , 1979Bouchard and McGee, 1977;Loehlin et al, 1978;Park et al, 1978;Jardine and Martin, 1983).…”

Audiovisual Training Effects on L2 Speech Perception and Production

“…In some previous studies on speech perception and production, the gender difference of subjects was either not specified as a significant factor for the subjects' perception and/or production performance (Flege and Fletcher, 1992;Elliott, 1995), or revealed to be statistically non-significant for the subjects' perception and/or production of L2 speech sounds (Piske, MacKay, and Flege, 2001). The most convincing explanation for the male subjects' better performance than the female subjects may be their greater visual-spatial ability (Bouchard and McGee, 1977;Harris, 1958;Sanders et al, 1982;Goldstein et al, 1990). During the audiovisual training programme, the visible articulators were the RP speakers' tongue tip, teeth and lips.…”