Sex Differences in Characteristics and Outcomes among Low-Risk Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients during Long Term Follow-Up

Abstract

Previous heterogenous studies show conflicting data about sex-based outcomes of non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) patients. This study evaluated 300 NSTE-ACS patients undergoing a coronary angiography between September 2012 and May 2015 that were managed with all-treatment strategies. The sample was stratified by sex and analyzed for the baseline characteristics and outcomes. The main outcome included major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), which were a composite of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke or urgent coronary revascularization. The female patients were older (median of 69.0 vs. 63.0 years, p = 0.008) and had lower values of BMI (median of 26.3 vs. 28.2 kg/m2, p < 0.001) and eGFR (76.44 ± 22.43 vs. 94.04 ± 27.91 mL/min, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the treatment strategies, angiographic characteristics and discharge therapy between the groups (p > 0.05). The female patients had significantly higher unadjusted rates of ischemic stroke (4.2% vs. 0.5%, p = 0.023), cardiac mortality (11.3%, vs. 3.9%, p = 0.022) and MACCE (33.8%, vs. 19.5%, p = 0.014); female sex was a significant predictor of MACCE in the univariate analysis (HR 1.86, 95%CI 1.12–3.09, p = 0.014); and the cumulative incidence of MACCE was higher in female patients (p = 0.014). After the adjustment, the predictive effect of female sex became non-significant (HR 1.60, 95%CI 0.94–2.73, p = 0.083), while there was no difference in the cumulative incidence of MACCE among the propensity score matched cohort (p = 0.177). Female NSTE-ACS patients have worse long-term outcomes compared to their male counterparts. However, the differences disappear after adjustment and propensity score matching. Continuing efforts and health measures are required to alleviate any sex-based differences in the NSTE-ACS population.

Gender Differences in All-Cause Mortality after Acute Myocardial Infarction: Evidence for a Gender–Age Interaction

“…Women present with AMI at a later age, with greater cardiovascular risk burdens, and with less opportunity to receive guideline-recommended therapies. However, data are conflicting regarding whether mortality remains higher in women after adjusting for differences in age and other prognostic factors [3,4]. Differences in the age distribution of study samples might explain the inconsistency in results across studies.…”