Sex differences in breathing

Gargaglioni, Luciane H.; Marques, Danuzia A.; Patrone, Luís Gustavo A.

doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110543

Cited by 47 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 333 publications

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“…Due to the strong evidence that PSR and other vagal feedback influences respiratory phase regulation, we hypothesized that loss of these important sensory feedback components would shift swallow occurrence more toward the inspiratory phase of the breathing cycle. Various studies have reported breathing-related sex differences such as respiratory rate [49], ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia [49][50][51], prevalence of sleep apnea [52], cardiorespiratory homeostasis and neuroplasticity [53], and hormones (including progesterone, a respiratory stimulant) [54]. These differences lead us to suspect there may also be important sex-specific differences in swallow-breathing coordination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-specific vagal and spinal modulation of swallow and its coordination with breathing

et al. 2020

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Swallow-breathing coordination is influenced by changes in lung volume, which is modulated by feedback from both vagal and spinal sensory afferents. The purpose of this study was to manipulate feedback from these afferents, with and without a simultaneous mechanical challenge (chest compression), in order to assess the influence of each sensory pathway on swallow in rats. We hypothesized that manipulation of afferent feedback would shift the occurrence of swallow toward the inspiratory phase of breathing. Afferent feedback was perturbed by lidocaine nebulization, extra-thoracic vagotomy, or lidocaine administration to the pleural space in sodium pentobarbital anesthetized rats (N = 43). These different afferent perturbations were performed both in control conditions (no chest compression), and with chest compression. Manipulating pulmonary stretch receptor-mediated volume feedback in male animals decreased swallow occurrence. Female rats appear to rely more on spinal afferent feedback, as swallow occurrence shifted to late expiration with chest compression and vagotomy or lidocaine injections. Results suggest that sex-specific mechanisms modulate swallow-breathing coordination, and that vagal feedback is inhibitory to swallow-related muscles, while spinal feedback from pleural afferents has excitatory effects. This study supports the theory that a balance of vagal and spinal afferent feedback is necessary to maintain an optimal swallow pattern and swallow-breathing coordination.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-specific vagal and spinal modulation of swallow and its coordination with breathing

et al. 2020

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“…Recently, we wrote a review about sex differences in breathing control (13). More than ever, we recognize that there is a higher prevalence in men of respiratory diseases than in women.…”

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confidence: 99%

Let’s talk about sex in the context of COVID-19

Gargaglioni

Marques

2020

Journal of Applied Physiology

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In recent months, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has sent many countries into crisis. Studies have shown that this virus causes worse outcomes and a higher mortality in men than in women. It has been recognized that sex can affect the immune response to a pathogenic agent, as well as the susceptibility for some respiratory diseases. These different responses in males and females may be related to the actions of sex hormones. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) acts as the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19. The expression of ACE2 is influenced by sex hormones; therefore, we discuss in this article that this could be one of the reasons why COVID-19 is more prevalent in men than in women.

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“…These studies report that females have lower ventilation and higher RR than men under normal conditions [36], and lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide at rest [37]. Males and females also respond differently to ventilatory challenges [36]: female rats have a greater hypoxic ventilatory response than males at old age (>20 months) and a greater hypercapnic ventilatory response at middle age (12-13 months) [38]. Studies with humans suggest that women have a greater hypoxic ventilatory response than men, possibly due to high levels of progesterone (a known respiratory stimulant), but have a lower hypercapnic ventilatory response [39].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The majority of physiology studies have traditionally only included males, and there are only a few studies on sex differences in respiration. These studies report that females have lower ventilation and higher RR than men under normal conditions [36], and lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide at rest [37]. Males and females also respond differently to ventilatory challenges [36]: female rats have a greater hypoxic ventilatory response than males at old age (>20 months) and a greater hypercapnic ventilatory response at middle age (12-13 months) [38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-specific vagal and spinal modulation of breathing with chest compression

Huff¹,

Reed²,

Iceman³

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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Lung volume is modulated by sensory afferent feedback via vagal and spinal pathways. The purpose of this study was to systematically alter afferent feedback with and without a mechanical challenge (chest compression). We hypothesized that manipulation of afferent feedback by nebulization of lidocaine, extra-thoracic vagotomy, or lidocaine administration to the pleural space would produce differential effects on the motor pattern of breathing during chest compression in sodium pentobarbital anesthetized rats (N = 43). Our results suggest that: 1) pulmonary stretch receptors are not the sole contributor to breathing feedback in adult male and female rats; 2) of our manipulations, chest compression had the largest effect on early expiratory diaphragm activity ("yield"); 3) reduction of spinally-mediated afferent feedback modulates breathing patterns most likely via inhibition; and 4) breathing parameters demonstrate large sex differences. Compared to males, female animals had lower respiratory rates (RR), which were further depressed by vagotomy, while chest compression increased RR in males, and decreased yield in females without changing RR. Collectively, our results suggest that balance between tonic vagal inhibition and spinal afferent feedback maintains breathing characteristics, and that it is important to specifically evaluate sex differences when studying control of breathing.

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Sex differences in breathing

Cited by 47 publications

References 333 publications

Sex-specific vagal and spinal modulation of swallow and its coordination with breathing

Sex-specific vagal and spinal modulation of swallow and its coordination with breathing

Let’s talk about sex in the context of COVID-19

Sex-specific vagal and spinal modulation of breathing with chest compression

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