Sex Differences in Body Composition

Bredella, Miriam A.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_2

Cited by 338 publications

(271 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…These associations were not statistically significant in models stratified by sex, and there were no significant associations between time outdoors measures and any measure of adiposity in adjusted analyses. These data support the previously well-described phenomenon of sex differences in adiposity (26), and suggest that time spent outdoors was potentially acting as a proxy for sex in our univariate models. Studies using larger populations are necessary to determine if the loss of these associations post-adjustment we observed was related to study power.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Significant Associations Between Sun Exposure and Adiposity Were Not Observed in Breast and Prostate Cancer Patients in a Cross‐sectional Analysis

Zhang

Black

Cooper

et al. 2019

Photochem & Photobiology

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Obesity is a significant health problem worldwide. Exposure to low‐dose ultraviolet radiation (like that in sunlight) suppresses the development of obesity in mice; however, the nature of the associations between sun exposure and adiposity is not well understood in humans. The present study characterized cross‐sectional relationships between sun exposure and adiposity in a convenience cohort of breast (n = 269; mean age = 58 years) and prostate (n = 78; mean age = 69 years) cancer patients. Participants were enrolled in a 3‐month exercise program in Perth, Australia. Self‐reported questionnaires measured time spent outdoors (previous week, winter and summer), sex, age, treatment received and physical activity levels. Adiposity measures included body mass index, waist‐hip ratio and body fat percentage (measured via DXA). In unadjusted models, greater time spent outdoors across all times was significantly associated with lower waist‐hip ratio, while greater time spent outdoors in the last winter was associated with lower body fat percentage, but not when stratified by sex. There were no statistically significant associations between time spent outdoors and adiposity after adjusting for sex, age, treatments received and physical activity. Longitudinal studies in larger populations may elucidate significant associations not found in our study due to the cross‐sectional design and power limitations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Significant Associations Between Sun Exposure and Adiposity Were Not Observed in Breast and Prostate Cancer Patients in a Cross‐sectional Analysis

Zhang

Black

Cooper

et al. 2019

Photochem & Photobiology

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“…The net effect of these differences is that women had a larger metabolizable energy store than the men (~ 48%), a greater energy density of obesity tissue (~ 5,534 kcal/kg vs. 4,253 kcal/kg), and a lower compartment total and mass‐specific REE (~ 427 kcal/d vs. 459 kcal/d; and ~ 11 kcal/kg/d vs. 14 kcal/kg/d). These differences in obesity‐tissue partitioning, all of which potentially impact weight‐gain and weight‐loss dynamics, likely arise from hormonal mechanisms . These observations indicate that the well‐known sexual dimorphism in skeletal muscle mass and adiposity as reflected in the classical Reference Man and Woman extends to the composition and metabolic properties of obesity tissue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Obesity Tissue: Composition, Energy Expenditure, and Energy Content in Adult Humans

Hwaung

Bosy‐Westphal

Müller

et al. 2019

Obesity

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Objective Chronic positive energy balance leads to obesity, and the “excess” weight is usually described as consisting solely of adipose tissue (AT) or its two components, fat and fat‐free mass (nonfat cell mass, extracellular fluid). This study aimed to clarify the nature of “obesity” tissue. Methods A total of 333 adults had AT, skin, skeletal muscle, bone, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, brain, and residual mass measured or derived using magnetic resonance imaging and dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry. First, associations between these components and AT were examined by developing multiple regression models. Next, obesity‐tissue composition was developed by deriving mean component mass differences between participant groups with normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2) and those with obesity (BMI > 29.9 kg/m2); respective resting energy expenditures and metabolizable energy and protein contents were calculated. Results AT significantly predicted organ‐tissue mass in 17 of 18 multiple regression models. In addition to AT and skeletal muscle, the following associations were found: skin, liver, and bone were main contributors to obesity‐tissue composition; liver, kidneys, and heart to resting energy expenditure; and skin, liver, and bone to metabolizable energy and protein contents. A pronounced sexual dimorphism was present in all three models. Conclusions Obesity is characterized not only by excess AT but by increases in the masses of other “companion” organs and tissues and their related metabolic properties.

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“…These differences may explain the fact that women did not improve total sleep time after the intervention programme, mainly due to the differences in exercise physiology between men and women . For example, women have lower gains in muscle mass, lower cardiorespiratory fitness or lower muscle strength among others. Additionally, benefits of exercise appeared to be stronger for men than women in sleep parameters .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise training improves sleep quality: A randomized controlled trial

Jurado‐Fasoli

Molina‐Hidalgo

Migueles

et al. 2020

Eur J Clin Investigation

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Background Exercise holds promise as a non‐pharmacological intervention for the improvement of sleep quality. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of different training modalities on sleep quality parameters. Material & methods A total of 69 (52.7% women) middle‐aged sedentary adults were randomized to (a) control group, (b) physical activity recommendation from the World Health Organization, (c) high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) and (d) high‐intensity interval training group adding whole‐body electromyostimulation training (HIITEMS). Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scale and accelerometers. Results All intervention groups showed a lower PSQI global score (all P < .022). HIIT‐EMS group improved all accelerometer parameters, with higher total sleep time and sleep efficiency, and lower wake after sleep onset (all P < .016). No differences were found between groups in any sleep quality parameter. Conclusion In conclusion, exercise training induced an improvement in subjective sleep quality in sedentary middleaged adults. Moreover, HIIT‐EMS training showed an improvement in objective sleep quality parameters (total sleep time, sleep efficiency and wake after sleep onset) after 12 weeks of exercise intervention. The changes observed in the HIIT‐EMS group were not statistically different to the other exercise modalities.

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Sex Differences in Body Composition

Cited by 338 publications

References 94 publications

Significant Associations Between Sun Exposure and Adiposity Were Not Observed in Breast and Prostate Cancer Patients in a Cross‐sectional Analysis

Significant Associations Between Sun Exposure and Adiposity Were Not Observed in Breast and Prostate Cancer Patients in a Cross‐sectional Analysis

Obesity Tissue: Composition, Energy Expenditure, and Energy Content in Adult Humans

Exercise training improves sleep quality: A randomized controlled trial

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