Sex differences in autoimmune diseases

Voskuhl, Rhonda R.

doi:10.1186/2042-6410-2-1

Cited by 181 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 316 publications

(245 reference statements)

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“…In our retrospective multicenter survey of 13 patients, we identified as potential risk factors female gender (12 of 13) and serum NMDAR-AB (8 of 13). The prevalence of autoimmune diseases in women is well known and possible explanations are provided in a recent review [12] (e.g. higher CD4+ lymphocytes, enhanced cytokine production in the presence of estrogen).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody-Mediated Status Epilepticus: A Retrospective Multicenter Survey

Holzer

Rossetti²,

Héritier-Barras

et al. 2012

Eur Neurol

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Background: In recent years, an increasing number of auto-antibodies (AB) have been detected in the CSF and serum of patients with new onset epilepsy. Some of these patients develop convulsive or nonconvulsive status epilepticus (AB-SE), necessitating intensive medical care and administration of multiple antiepileptic and immunomodulatory treatments of uncertain effectiveness. Objectives: In this retrospective multicenter survey we aimed to determine the spectrum of gravity, the duration and the prognosis of the disorder. In addition, we sought to identify the antibodies associated with this condition, as well as determine whether there is a most effective treatment regime. Methods: 12 European Neurology University Clinics, with extensive experience in the treatment of SE patients, were sent a detailed questionnaire regarding symptoms and treatment of AB-SE patients. Seven centers responded positively, providing a total of 13 patients above the age of 16. Results: AB-SE affects mainly women (12/13, 92%) with a variable age at onset (17–69 years, median: 25 years). The duration of the disease is also variable (10 days to 12 years, median: 2 months). Only the 3 oldest patients died (55–69 years). Most patients were diagnosed with anti NMDAR encephalitis (8/13) and had oligoclonal bands in the CSF (9/13). No specific treatment regimen (antiepileptic, immunomodulatory) was found to be clearly superior. Most of the surviving 10 patients (77%) recovered completely or nearly so within 2 years of index poststatus. Conclusion: AB-SE is a severe but potentially reversible condition. Long duration does not seem to imply fatal outcome; however, age older than 50 years at time of onset appears to be a risk factor for death. There was no evidence for an optimal antiepileptic or immunomodulatory treatment. A prospective multicenter study is warranted in order to stratify the optimal treatment algorithm, determine clear risk factors of unfavorable outcome and long-term prognosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody-Mediated Status Epilepticus: A Retrospective Multicenter Survey

Holzer

Rossetti²,

Héritier-Barras

et al. 2012

Eur Neurol

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“…Almost without exception, there are gender biases either in the diagnosis, frequency, severity or timing of nervous system diseases and disorders as well as the enduring consequences of brain trauma ( figure 3). For some disorders, such as multiple sclerosis-which is four times more frequent in women it has been argued that the protective effect of being male far outweighs any treatment currently available [75]. Thus, it is incumbent upon us to exploit the traction created by a sex difference to discover the biological factors that either afford protection or generate vulnerability in one sex versus the other for the ultimate benefit of both sexes.…”

Section: Sex Differences In Diseases and Disorders Of The Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifaceted origins of sex differences in the brain

McCarthy

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

146

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Studies of sex differences in the brain range from reductionistic cell and molecular analyses in animal models to functional imaging in awake human subjects, with many other levels in between. Interpretations and conclusions about the importance of particular differences often vary with differing levels of analyses and can lead to discord and dissent. In the past two decades, the range of neurobiological, psychological and psychiatric endpoints found to differ between males and females has expanded beyond reproduction into every aspect of the healthy and diseased brain, and thereby demands our attention. A greater understanding of all aspects of neural functioning will only be achieved by incorporating sex as a biological variable. The goal of this review is to highlight the current state of the art of the discipline of sex differences research with an emphasis on the brain and to contextualize the articles appearing in the accompanying special issue.

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“…Systemic sclerosis, as other related autoimmune diseases (AIDs), aVects female more frequently than male (Voskuhl 2011;Svyryd et al 2010), with a mean sex ratio around 3:1 (Ranque and Mouthon 2010). This female-biased ratio in AIDs has been proposed to be inXuenced by diVerent factors, i.e., X-chromosome dosage (Invernizzi 2009), skewed X-chromosome inactivation (Uz et al 2008), hormone milieu (Rubtsov et al 2010), etc., but none of them has been accepted as uniquely responsible for the deviation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling the genetic component of systemic sclerosis

2012

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Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a severe connective tissue disorder characterized by extensive fibrosis, vascular damage, and autoimmune events. During the last years, the number of genetic markers convincingly associated with SSc has exponentially increased. In this report, we aim to offer an updated review of the classical and novel genetic associations with SSc, analyzing the firmest and replicated signals within HLA and non-HLA genes, identified by both candidate gene and genome-wide association (GWA) studies. We will also provide an insight into the future perspectives and approaches that might shed more light into the complex genetic background underlying SSc. In spite of the remarkable advance in the field of SSc genetics during the last decade, the use of the new genetic technologies such as next generation sequencing (NGS), as well as the deep phenotyping of the study cohorts, to fully characterize the genetic component of this disease is imperative.

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Sex differences in autoimmune diseases

Cited by 181 publications

References 316 publications

Antibody-Mediated Status Epilepticus: A Retrospective Multicenter Survey

Antibody-Mediated Status Epilepticus: A Retrospective Multicenter Survey

Multifaceted origins of sex differences in the brain

Unraveling the genetic component of systemic sclerosis

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